[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-384470-105":3,"doc-detail-384470-en":81,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":98},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","nanostrategies-for-therapeutic-and-diagnostic-targeting-of-gastrin-releasing-peptide-receptor","Nanostrategies for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Targeting of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor","","Advances in nanomedicine highlight molecular targets that can enable new therapeutic and diagnostic options for cancer management. Selecting an appropriate target strongly influences treatment efficacy and supports personalized medicine. The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is a G-protein-coupled membrane receptor frequently overexpressed across many malignancies, making it a key focus for nanoformulations. Reported GRPR ligands offer tunable ligand affinity and internalization behavior, enabling optimization of nanoplatforms that reach GRPR-expressing cells. Recent progress on these nanoplatform applications is reviewed.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/nanostrategies-for-therapeutic-and-diagnostic-targeting-of-gastrin-releasing-peptide-receptor/384470/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/nanostrategies-for-therapeutic-and-diagnostic-targeting-of-gastrin-releasing-peptide-receptor/384470.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"pixelkiddo","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",7,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is choosing the right molecular target important for cancer treatment and diagnosis?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The document explains that the proper target can determine treatment efficacy and support personalized medicine approaches for therapy and diagnostic modalities.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What is GRPR and why does it attract research interest?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"GRPR is a G-protein-coupled membrane receptor that is overexpressed in numerous cancers, so many groups focus on targeting it with nanoformulations for therapeutic and diagnostic uses.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How do different GRPR ligands affect nanoplatform performance?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The document states that the ligand spectrum enables tuning of properties of the final formulation, particularly ligand affinity to the receptor and the receptor internalization possibilities.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},384470,1790367188,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",{"doc_id":79,"user_id":84,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":85,"doc_module":4,"category_id":55,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":86,"file_id":87,"file_url":88,"file_type":89,"file_size":90,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":91,"language":92,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":93,"faqs":94,"seo_title":95,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":96,"read_time":97},962090883892,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e00115db34f3e0f11b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1790152879550218658","Review  \nNanostrategies for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Targeting of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor  \nBeata Paulina Rurarz 1,2, Małgorzata Bukowczyk 1, Natalia Gibka 1, Agnieszka Wanda Piastowska-Ciesielska 2, Urszula Karczmarczyk 3 and Piotr Ula ´nski 1, *  \nCitation: Rurarz, B.P.; Bukowczyk, M.; Gibka, N.; Piastowska-Ciesielska, A.W.; Karczmarczyk, U.; Ula ´nski, P. Nanostrategies for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Targeting of GastrinReleasing Peptide Receptor. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 3455. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043455](doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043455)  \nAcademic Editors: Toru Maekawa and M. Sheikh Mohamed  \nReceived: 31 December 2022  \nRevised: 4 February 2023  \nAccepted: 5 February 2023  \nPublished: 9 February 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland  \n2 Department of Cell Cultures and Genomic Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland  \n3 National Centre for Nuclear Research, Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, Andrzeja Soltana 7, 05-400 Otwock, Poland  \n* [Correspondence: piotr.ulanski@p.lodz.pl](Correspondence: piotr.ulanski@p.lodz.pl)  \nAbstract: Advances in nanomedicine bring the attention of researchers to the molecular targets that can play a major role in the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities for cancer management. The choice of a proper molecular target can decide the efficacy of the treatment and endorse the personalized medicine approach. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is a G-protein-coupled membrane receptor, well known to be overexpressed in numerous malignancies including pancreatic, prostate, breast, lung, colon, cervical, and gastrointestinal cancers. Therefore, many research groups express a deep interest in targeting GRPR with their nanoformulations. Abroad spectrum of the GRPR ligands has been described in the literature, which allows tuning of the properties of the final formulation, particularly in the field of the ligand affinity to the receptor and internalization possibilities. Hereby, the recent advances in the field of applications of various nanoplatforms that are able to reach the GRPR-expressing cells are reviewed.  \nKeywords: gastrin-releasing peptide receptor; GRPR; bombesin receptor subtype 2; BB 2; bombesin; targeted therapy; molecular imaging; theranostics; nanotechnology; nanoparticle; nanomedicine  \n1. Introduction  \nDespite many efforts, cancer remains a major challenge for medicine professionalsand scientists around the world. According to data published by the University of Oxford in cooperation with the Global Change Data Lab, cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide [1] . Therefore, there is a constant need for new therapeutic and diagnostic modalities that can improve the current situation. Nanomedicine is believed to bring about change in the field of oncology and revolutionize current cancer management strategies. Markedly, targeted delivery of biologically active compounds is gaining momentum due to the high hopes they raise concerning improved therapeutic efficacy, convenient imaging and staging of malignancies, and minimized side effects on patients. Many molecular targets have been discovered to date, and most of the currently developed targeting strategies can be assigned to one of three general categories: uncontrolled cell proliferation targeting, angiogenesis-associated targeting, and specific tumor cells targeting [2] . Due to the fact that the majority of cancer-associated deaths are caused by five particular cancer t","cbCaiqC7N8p4cTdD","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqC7N8p4cTdD","pdf",4837197,36,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. 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