[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-331406-105":59,"doc-detail-331406-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","nanomedicine-in-bladder-cancer-therapy-review","Nanomedicine in Bladder Cancer Therapy - Review","","Bladder cancer is a common malignant disease of the genitourinary tract, and traditional approaches such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy face limitations including insufficient specificity, cytotoxicity, and multidrug resistance. Growing research emphasizes nanotechnology for both non-invasive (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Nanocarriers combine organic and inorganic components to enable targeted transport and prolonged drug retention in tumor tissue. The review surveys nanoparticle types, targeting mechanisms, approved nanotherapeutics, and applications in phototherapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy, while summarizing clinical translation prospects, advantages, and challenges.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/nanomedicine-in-bladder-cancer-therapy-review/331406/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/nanomedicine-in-bladder-cancer-therapy-review/331406.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rowan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are conventional bladder cancer therapies considered limited?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Conventional therapies face challenges such as lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, and multidrug resistance, which reduce their overall benefits.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does nanotechnology aim to improve bladder cancer treatment?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Nanotechnology uses nanocarriers to achieve targeted transport and prolonged retention of drugs in target tissue, increasing therapeutic efficacy.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What are NMIBC and MIBC, and how are they related to bladder cancer incidence?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Bladder cancer is commonly divided into NMIBC (non-muscle invasive) and MIBC (muscle-invasive), with reported incidences of about 75% and 25–30% respectively.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},331406,1790504280,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1099514067415,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539d78ffe74a7?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779092875211072502","Review  \nNanomedicine in Bladder Cancer Therapy  \nAdrianna Winnicka 1, Joanna Brzeszczy ´nska 1, Joanna Saluk 1 and Paulina Wigner-Jeziorska 2, *  \nCitation: Winnicka, A.;  \nBrzeszczy ´nska, J.; Saluk, J.; Wigner-Jeziorska, P. Nanomedicine in Bladder Cancer Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 10388. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms251910388](10.3390/ijms251910388)  \nAcademic Editor: Peter Veraniˇc  \nReceived: 31 August 2024  \nRevised: 12 September 2024  \nAccepted: 20 September 2024  \nPublished: 26 September 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz,  \n90-136 Lodz, Poland; [adrianna.winnicka@edu.uni.lodz.pl](adrianna.winnicka@edu.uni.lodz.pl) (A.W.); [joanna.brzeszczynska@biol.uni.lodz.pl](joanna.brzeszczynska@biol.uni.lodz.pl) (J.B.); [joanna.saluk@biol.uni.lodz.pl](joanna.saluk@biol.uni.lodz.pl) (J.S.)  \n2 Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-136 Lodz, Poland  \n* [Correspondence: paulina.wigner@biol.uni.lodz.pl](Correspondence: paulina.wigner@biol.uni.lodz.pl); Tel.: +48-42-635-48-17; Fax: +48-42-635-44-84  \nAbstract: Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant neoplasms of the genitourinary system. Traditional BC therapies include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. However, limitations such as lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, and multidrug resistance pose serious challenges to the benefits of BC therapies. Consequently, current studies focus on the search for new therapeutic solutions. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using nanotechnology in the treatment of both non-invasive (NMIBC) and invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) . Nanotechnology is based on the use of both organic molecules (chitosan, liposomes) and inorganic molecules (superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles) as carriers of active substances. The main aim of such molecules is the targeted transport and prolonged retention of the drug in the target tissue, which increases the therapeutic efficacy of the active substance. This review discusses the numerous types of nanoparticles (including chitosan, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and protein nanoparticles), targeting mechanisms, and approved nanotherapeutics with oncological implications in cancer treatment. We also present nanoformulation applications in phototherapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. Moreover, we summarise the current perspectives, advantages, and challenges in clinical translation.  \nKeywords: bladder cancer; nanotechnology; nanoparticles; chitosan; cancer therapy  \n1. Introduction  \nBladder cancer (BC) is one of the most commonly recognised genitourinary system malignancies [1,2] . Statistically, the disease incidence in 2020 was estimated at 573,278 cases around the world with a mortality rate of 212,536 cases per year [3] . It is anticipated that the number of bladder cancer cases worldwide is expected to reach 991,000 in 2040 . BC is the fourth most often occurring cancer in Poland among men, after prostate, colon, and lung tumours. However, epidemiologically, the prevalence of BC increases with age, affecting three times as many men as women [4] . Environmental factors contributing to the risk of bladder cancer include diets low in fruit and vegetables and urban lifestyle. Nevertheless, the most significant and common risk factor for bladder cancer is cigarette smoking, which is responsible for approximately 50% of cases. The main known carcinogens are betanaphthylamine and polycyclic aromatic polycarbons, whi","cbCaitgmk2g7L79W","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitgmk2g7L79W","pdf",1011956,26,"English","# Introduction\n## Epidemiology and risk factors\n## Disease classification (NMIBC vs MIBC)\n## Diagnosis challenges and recurrence risk\n# Nanomedicine concepts and nanotechnology-based therapy","[{\"question\":\"Why are conventional bladder cancer therapies considered limited?\",\"answer\":\"Conventional therapies face challenges such as lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, and multidrug resistance, which reduce their overall benefits.\"},{\"question\":\"How does nanotechnology aim to improve bladder cancer treatment?\",\"answer\":\"Nanotechnology uses nanocarriers to achieve targeted transport and prolonged retention of drugs in target tissue, increasing therapeutic efficacy.\"},{\"question\":\"What are NMIBC and MIBC, and how are they related to bladder cancer incidence?\",\"answer\":\"Bladder cancer is commonly divided into NMIBC (non-muscle invasive) and MIBC (muscle-invasive), with reported incidences of about 75% and 25–30% respectively.\"}]","Nanomedicine in Bladder Cancer Therapy - Review | PDF",1789993167,66]