[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-159967-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-159967-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","nano-cellulose-gel-formulation-containing-niosomal-encapsulated-serratiopeptidase-enhanced-anti-biofilm-activity","Nano Cellulose Gel Formulation Containing Niosomal Encapsulated Serratiopeptidase - Enhanced Anti-Biofilm Activity","","Proteases support biological debridement of chronic wounds, and serratiopeptidase (STP) offers anti-inflammatory, anti-biofilm, and anti-edema effects to accelerate healing in infectious wounds. This study engineered STP with improved activity and stability, expressed it with purification by metal affinity chromatography, and predicted an optimal STP-loaded niosome formulation using a three-level Box–Behnken design for size and drug-loading efficiency. Optimized niosomal STP was fabricated via thin-layer hydration, incorporated into a nanocellulose gel, and evaluated for anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; effects were 53.38% and 52.29%, respectively.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/nano-cellulose-gel-formulation-containing-niosomal-encapsulated-serratiopeptidase-enhanced-anti-biofilm-activity/159967/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/nano-cellulose-gel-formulation-containing-niosomal-encapsulated-serratiopeptidase-enhanced-anti-biofilm-activity/159967.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Rowan","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-08-29",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",15,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is serratiopeptidase (STP) relevant for chronic wound debridement and infection?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"STP is an extracellular metalloprotease with anti-inflammatory, anti-biofilm, and anti-edema activities, helping to counter infectious chronic wounds and support healing.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How was the engineered STP and its niosomal formulation developed?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Engineered STP was expressed and purified using metal affinity chromatography, then an optimal STP-loaded niosome formulation was predicted using a three-level Box–Behnken design and prepared by thin layer hydration.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Which bacteria were used to test anti-biofilm activity, and what were the results?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Anti-biofilm activity was examined on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with slightly higher activity on S. aureus (53.38%) than on P. aeruginosa (52.29%).","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},159967,1788042403,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":80,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1099514067415,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539d78ffe74a7?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779092875211072502","Polymers for Advanced Technologies  \nRESEARCH ARTICLE  \nNano Cellulose Gel Formulation Containing Niosomal Encapsulated Novel Serratiopeptidase With Enhanced Anti-Biofilm Activity  \nMaryam Azhdari1,2 | Mozhgan Raigani3 | Masoumeh Azizi4 | Sara Ali Hosseinzadeh2 | Kokab Khosravipour2 | Artin Assadi5,6 | Vahideh Valizadeh2   \n1Department of Biological Sciences, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran | 2Nanobiotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran | 3Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran,  \nIran | 4Department of Molecular Medicine; Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran | 5Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia | 6Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia  \nCorrespondence: Vahideh Valizadeh ([v_valizadeh@pasteur.ac.ir](v_valizadeh@pasteur.ac.ir))  \nReceived: 2 June 2025 | Revised: 16 July 2025 | Accepted: 17 July 2025  \nFunding: This work was supported by Pasteur Institute of Iran.  \nKeywords: anti-biofilm | nanocellulose gel | niosome | serratiopeptidase | wound debridement  \nABSTRACT  \nProteases are an important group of enzymes that can be helpful in biological debridement of chronic wounds. Serratiopeptidase (STP) is an extracellular metalloprotease with anti-inflammatory, anti-biofilm, and anti-edema activity which offers high potency to speed up the healing process of infectious chronic wounds. In the present study, the engineered STP with enhanced activity, stability, and anti-biofilm activity was produced, and the nanocellulose gel containing a niosomal formulation of the enzyme was developed. For this purpose, the engineered STP was expressed and then purified using metal affinity chromatography. Then, an optimum formulation of STP-loaded niosome was predicted using a three-level Box–Behnken design—in terms of dimension and drug loading efficiency. Niosomal STP was developed based on optimized formulation, and the desired nanostructure was prepared by the thin layer hydration method. Nanocellulose gel containing niosomal STP was developed, and the anti-biofilm effect of the different formulations was examined on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The niosomal STP was characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The anti-biofilm activity of different nano formulations of STP on S. aureus was slightly higher than that on P. aeruginosa, which was calculated at 53.38% and 52.29%, respectively. Altogether, it was concluded that the nanocellulose gel containing STP-loaded niosomes could be a potential candidate as a wound dressing agent due to its proteolytic and anti-biofilm activities.  \n1 | Introduction  \nBiofilm formation is perhaps the most advantageous tool to form resistant microbial cells in various environments [1, 2] . Biofilms are multicellular structures of densely packed and highly hydrated communities of bacterial cells which are formed inside a matrix of polymeric or protein materials they have synthesized  \n[3, 4] . Biofilms possess a unique characteristic of showing high resistance to the immune system as well as tolerating high concentrations of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents [5] . In fact, these complex structures are approximately 100 times more resistant to antimicrobial agents than individual bacterial colonies, making antibiotic treatment ineffective [1] . It is clear that resolving chronic infection by eliminating the biofilm is a  \n© 2025 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  \nPolymers for Advanced Technologies, 2025; 36:e70281 1 of 11  \n[https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.70281](https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.70281)  \nmultifactorial challenge [6]. One of the prominent treatment options available for biofilms is limited in terms of availability and effectiveness [","cbCaidmVWS8Fvunh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidmVWS8Fvunh","pdf",709438,11,"English","# Introduction\n## Biofilm resistance and chronic wound impact\n## Wound debridement and protease-based strategies\n## Serratiopeptidase and engineered STP rationale\n# Study overview (abstract)","[{\"question\":\"Why is serratiopeptidase (STP) relevant for chronic wound debridement and infection?\",\"answer\":\"STP is an extracellular metalloprotease with anti-inflammatory, anti-biofilm, and anti-edema activities, helping to counter infectious chronic wounds and support healing.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the engineered STP and its niosomal formulation developed?\",\"answer\":\"Engineered STP was expressed and purified using metal affinity chromatography, then an optimal STP-loaded niosome formulation was predicted using a three-level Box–Behnken design and prepared by thin layer hydration.\"},{\"question\":\"Which bacteria were used to test anti-biofilm activity, and what were the results?\",\"answer\":\"Anti-biofilm activity was examined on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with slightly higher activity on S. aureus (53.38%) than on P. aeruginosa (52.29%).\"}]","Nano Cellulose Gel Formulation Containing Niosomal Encapsulated Serratiopeptidase - Enhanced Anti-Biofilm Activity | PDF",28]