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Using a descriptive qualitative design, the study involved 16 students who had passed the JLPTN3, selected through a mini-survey and purposive sampling. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed to identify dominant learning strategies and the internal factors shaping kanji learning at the intermediate level. The findings show that students adopt multimodal learning patterns that combine writing practice, flashcards, digital applications, and audiovisual exposure. These patterns are shaped by both intrinsic and instrumental motivation, as well as by authentic learning experiences. The study also found that students demonstrated higher self-efficacy in kanji Reading tan in writing, with Reading skills developing more readily through contextual exposure, while structured learning patterns tended to produce more stable outcomes tan flexible ones. By focusing on intermediate learners, a group that has received relatively limited attention in previous studies, this study highlights the interaction between multimodal learning strategies and self-efficacy in kanji learning and offers practical implications for designing more effective kanji instruction in Japanese language education at the tertiary level.\u003Cbr>© 2026 Universitas Negeri Semarang |  |\n\n􀀍 Alamat korespondensi: Gedung B4 Lantai 2 FBS Unnes  \nKampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang, 50229 E-mail: [chie@unnes.ac.id](chie@unnes.ac.id)  \nE-ISSN 2685-6662 P-ISSN 2252-6250  \nINTRODUCTION  \nJapanese language education in Indonesia has shown significant growth over the past two decades, particularly at the tertiary level, as reflected in the increasing number of institutions offering Japanese language programs and the growing population of learners (The Japan Foundation, 2023) . This development is closely related to students’ academic interests, opportunities for cultural exchange, and expanding international career prospects, which have increasingly positioned Japanese language proficiency as a valuable academic and professional asset in higher education contexts (The Japan Foundation, 2023) . Within this national trend, Japanese language education in higher education institutions such as the Japanese Language Education Study Program (PBJ) at Muhammadiyah University Yogyakarta (UMY) plays a strategic role in preparing students to meet both academic and professional demands.  \nKanji literacy is a core component of Japanese language proficiency, as it is essential for understanding academic texts, media discourse, and formal written communication (Suzuki, 2021) . In higher education contexts, kanji mastery is also closely associated with standardized proficiency assessment. In Indonesia, the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT), particularly level N3, is widely regarded as the minimum competency standard for intermediate learners and often functions as a requirement for graduation, internships, and access to international employment opp","cbCaikm5nicSIQwJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikm5nicSIQwJ","pdf",313827,"English","# Introduction\n## Kanji literacy and JLPT N3 relevance\n## Challenges of learning kanji for non-logographic L1 learners\n## Prior research on kanji learning difficulties\n## Learning strategies and digital media approaches","[{\"question\":\"What is the main focus of the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study investigates N3-level kanji learning patterns among students in the Japanese Language Education Program at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta, including dominant strategies and internal factors influencing learning.\"},{\"question\":\"How were participants selected and what methods were used to collect data?\",\"answer\":\"Sixteen students who had passed JLPT N3 were selected through a mini-survey and purposive sampling. Data were gathered via in-depth interviews.\"},{\"question\":\"What learning patterns do students primarily adopt?\",\"answer\":\"Students primarily use multimodal learning patterns that combine writing practice, flashcards, digital applications, and audiovisual exposure.\"}]","N3 Kanji Learning Patterns Among Japanese Language Education Students at UMY - Research Article | PDF",1791170281,23]