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With improved cancer survival, MN-pCT incidence after chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy has increased, yet outcomes remain worse than for primary myeloid neoplasms. This review synthesizes current research to clarify epidemiology, pathogenesis, outcomes, prognostic factors, and treatment options, supporting future investigation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/myeloid-neoplasms-post-cytotoxic-therapy-epidemiology-pathogenesis-outcomes-prognostic-factors-and-treatment-options/331994/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/myeloid-neoplasms-post-cytotoxic-therapy-epidemiology-pathogenesis-outcomes-prognostic-factors-and-treatment-options/331994.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ava Thompson","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does MN-pCT include according to the 2022 WHO classification?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"MN-pCT includes AML, MDS, and MDS/MPN that arise after patients receive cytotoxic (DNA-damaging) chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy for an unrelated condition.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How are MN-pCT diagnostic criteria defined?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Diagnostic criteria are based on AML and MDS/MPN criteria plus a documented history of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Exposure to PARP1 inhibitors is included as a qualifying criterion, while methotrexate is excluded.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why is MN-pCT considered particularly serious compared with primary myeloid neoplasms?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"MN-pCT has poorer survival outcomes than primary myeloid neoplasms and is associated with feared complications due to limited response to multiple drugs and therapies.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},331994,1790642229,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},1649267921044,"https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1800007509477c92dfb?_k=1786009248482753345","AnnAls of Medicine  \n2024, Vol. 56, no. 1, 2329132  \n[https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2024.2329132](https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2024.2329132)  \nREVIEW ARTICLE     \nMyeloid neoplasms post cytotoxic therapy: epidemiology, pathogenesis outcomes, prognostic factors, and treatment options  \nJing Maa,b  and Yafei Wangb  \nadepartment of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Tianjin cancer Hospital Airport Branch, Tianjin, china; bdepartment of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University cancer institute and Hospital, national clinical Research center for cancer, Key laboratory of cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s clinical Research center for cancer, Tianjin, china  \nABSTRACT  \nMyeloid neoplasms post cytotoxic therapy (MN-pCT) are a category includes AML, MDS, and MDS/MPN arising in patients exposed to cytotoxic (DNA-damaging) therapy for an unrelated condition in 2022 version World Health Organization (WHO) classification. With improved survival of patients with tumors, the incidence of MN-pCT after chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy among patients with tumors has gradually risen. However, the outcome of MN-pCT is poorer than that of primary myeloid neoplasms. This review summarizes the current understanding based on existing research, as a foundation for further research on MN-pCT.  \nARTICLE HISTORY  \nReceived 13 August 2023 Revised 17 January 2024 Accepted 23 February 2024  \nKEYWORDS  \nMyeloid neoplasms post cytotoxic therapy; diagnosis; prognosis;  \ntreatment  \nIntroduction  \nWith the development of diagnosis and treatment technologies, survival of a variety of cancer patients has been improved, while the incidence of myeloid neoplasms post cytotoxic therapy (MN-pCT) has also increased [1,2] . MN-pCT are defined as myeloid neoplasms that appear after cytotoxic therapy, including chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy [3] . At present, AML-pCT and MDS/MPN-pCT account for approximately 15–20% of AML and MDS/MPN patients [4] . MN-pCT showed a poorer survival compared with patients with primary AML and MDS/MPN [5] . Because of poor response to multiple drugs and therapies, MN-pCT is one of the most feared complications of cytotoxic therapy. Therefore, this paper reviews MN-pCT from the aspects of diagnosis, pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment prospects.  \nDefinition and diagnosis of myeloid neoplasms post cytotoxic therapy  \nAt present, the diagnostic criteria of MN-pCT are based on the diagnostic criteria of AML and MDS/MPN with  \na previous history of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in the 2022 version World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Patients such as NPM1 mutation and corebinding factor leukaemias should still be assigned to this category. Exposure to (poly-ADP-ribose polymerase1, PARP1) inhibitors is added as a qualifying criterion for MN-pCT, and methotrexate has been excluded [3] . For the interval between chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy history and subsequent MN-pCT, there is no clear definition. Radivoyevitchet al. [6] found that prostate cancer patients with radiation therapy showed an increased relative risk to AMLand MDS/MPN in 1.5–2.5 years, while patients with lung cancers and breast cancers showed the highest relative risk to AML and MDS/MPN in the next 1–12 years. Wolff et al. [7] found that the occurrence of AML and MDS/MPN after chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy was extremely low, but higher than previously described, and the incidence continued to increase beyond 5 years for early-stage breast cancer patients.  \nSecondary myeloid neoplasms(s-MDS/s-MPN/s-AML) is another category of myeloid neoplasms, which is abroader, more inclusive diagnosis compared with MN-pCT, it is a newly segregated category  \nCONTACT Yafei Wang  [drwang2005@163.com](drwang2005@163.com)  department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University cancer institute and Hospital, national clinical Research center for cancer, Tianjin’s clinical Research center for cancer, Key laboratory of cancer Prevention and Therapy, H","cbCaijQ95KQrH4WW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijQ95KQrH4WW","pdf",596812,"English","# Introduction\n## Definition and diagnosis of myeloid neoplasms post cytotoxic therapy\n## Epidemiology and pathogenesis of myeloid neoplasms post cytotoxic therapy","[{\"question\":\"What does MN-pCT include according to the 2022 WHO classification?\",\"answer\":\"MN-pCT includes AML, MDS, and MDS/MPN that arise after patients receive cytotoxic (DNA-damaging) chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy for an unrelated condition.\"},{\"question\":\"How are MN-pCT diagnostic criteria defined?\",\"answer\":\"Diagnostic criteria are based on AML and MDS/MPN criteria plus a documented history of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Exposure to PARP1 inhibitors is included as a qualifying criterion, while methotrexate is excluded.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is MN-pCT considered particularly serious compared with primary myeloid neoplasms?\",\"answer\":\"MN-pCT has poorer survival outcomes than primary myeloid neoplasms and is associated with feared complications due to limited response to multiple drugs and therapies.\"}]","Myeloid neoplasms post cytotoxic therapy: epidemiology, pathogenesis outcomes, prognostic factors, and treatment options | PDF",1789996208]