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Emphasis is placed on the role of the MOG antibody as a diagnostic biomarker, including optimal serum testing by cell-based assays, interpretation challenges with low-positive results, and reliance on the 2023 international consensus criteria. Acute management highlights high-dose IV corticosteroids and plasmapheresis when needed, while maintenance decisions consider monophasic versus relapsing courses and emerging trial directions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibodyassociated-disease/436783/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibodyassociated-disease/436783.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Danger Angel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the main purpose of reviewing MOGAD in this article?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The article reviews clinical features, MRI findings, serologic aspects, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and prognosis to support recognition and management in clinical practice.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How is the MOG antibody best assessed, and what is a key testing pitfall?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The MOG antibody is best assessed in serum using a cell-based assay and is highly specific; however, caution is needed because low-positive results can occur in other disorders.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What are the recommended acute and maintenance treatment considerations for MOGAD attacks?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Acute attacks are treated with high-dose IV corticosteroids, with plasmapheresis for corticosteroid-refractory symptoms. Maintenance depends on course risk, since many patients have monophasic disease, while relapsing cases or severe first attacks with poor recovery may benefit from attack-prevention therapies.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},436783,1790789403,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},962090769052,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody– Associated Disease  \nBy Eoin P. Flanagan, MBBCh; Cheryl Hemingway, MBChB, PhD  \nABSTRACT  \nOBJECTIVE: This article reviews the clinical features, MRI attributes, serologic aspects, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and prognosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody–associated disease (MOGAD) .  \nLATEST DEVELOPMENTS: The discovery of the MOG antibody as a diagnostic biomarker has allowed for the identification of a new inflammatorydemyelinating disease of the central nervous system, distinct from multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) . Our knowledge of MOGAD’s clinical and MRI manifestations is growing rapidly. While children are predisposed to MOGAD, the disease is spread broadly across the age spectrum. The MOG antibody is best assessed in serum using a cell-based assay technique and is highly specific; however, caution is needed with low-positive results, which can occur in other disorders. The recent publication of international consensus diagnostic criteria for MOGAD in 2023 defined the disease, and subsequent validation studies suggest the criteria work well when applied in clinical practice. The acute treatment of MOGAD attacks includes high-dose IV corticosteroids and plasmapheresis for symptoms refractory to corticosteroids. Maintenance treatment decisions require careful consideration, as up to 50% of patients have a monophasic disease course and may not require ongoing treatment. On the other hand, those with a relapsing course or severe first attack with poor recovery may benefit from empiric attack-prevention treatments. While class 1 data on medications to prevent attacks in MOGAD are lacking, clinical trials are now underway that could guide our therapeutic approach in the future.  \nESSENTIAL POINTS: Familiarity with the clinical, MRI, CSF, and serologic features of MOGAD can help neurologists recognize this condition in clinical practice. Awareness of the utility and pitfalls of the MOG antibody test is critical. The current therapeutic approach is guided by retrospective studies and the application of immunotherapies used in other autoimmune neurologic disorders.  \nREVIEW ARTICLE  \nCONTINUUM AUDIO INT ERVIEW AVAI LABLEON LINE  \nCONTINUUM ALOUD RECORDING AVAI LABLEON LINE  \nC ITE AS :  \nCONTINUUM (MIN NEA P M INN) 2026;32(1, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND RELATED DISORDERS):481 –512.  \nAddress correspondence to Dr Eoin P. Flanagan, Mayo Clinic, Department of Neurology, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905,fl[anagan.eoin@mayo.edu](anagan.eoin@mayo.edu).  \nRELATIONSHIP DISCLOSURE: Dr Flanagan has received personal compensation in the range of $500 to $4999 for serving on a scientific advisory or data safety monitoring Continued on page 512  \nUNLABELED USE OF PRODUCTS/ INVESTIGATIONAL USE DISCLOSURE:  \nDrs Flanagan and Hemingway discuss the unlabeled/ investigational use of azathioprine, IV corticosteroids, IV immunoglobulin, mycophenolate mofetil, plasma exchange, rituximab, rozanolixizumab, satralizumab, and tocilizumab for the treatment of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody–associated disease.  \nAll cases in this article are hypothetical or composite.  \n© 2026 American Academy of Neurology.  \nCONTINUUM . AAN . COM 481  \nCopyright © 2026 American Academy of Neurology. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.  \nMYELIN OLIGODENDROCYTE GLYCOPROTEIN ANTIBODY–ASSOCIATED DISEASE  \nKEY POINTS  \n• Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody– associated disease (MOGAD) is a recently characterized inflammatory central nervous system demyelinating disease different from multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 antibody– positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4+NMOSD) .  \n• The new 2023 international consensus diagnostic criteria for MOGAD are now able to distinguish it from other diseases.  \n• MOGAD can occur at any age, but children are particularly predisposed, and MOGAD accounts for approximately one-third of ped","cbCairWKOklNwMCI","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairWKOklNwMCI","pdf",2551662,32,"English","# Objective\n# Latest Developments\n# Essential Points\n# Key Points\n# Introduction\n# Epidemiology","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of reviewing MOGAD in this article?\",\"answer\":\"The article reviews clinical features, MRI findings, serologic aspects, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and prognosis to support recognition and management in clinical practice.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the MOG antibody best assessed, and what is a key testing pitfall?\",\"answer\":\"The MOG antibody is best assessed in serum using a cell-based assay and is highly specific; however, caution is needed because low-positive results can occur in other disorders.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the recommended acute and maintenance treatment considerations for MOGAD attacks?\",\"answer\":\"Acute attacks are treated with high-dose IV corticosteroids, with plasmapheresis for corticosteroid-refractory symptoms. Maintenance depends on course risk, since many patients have monophasic disease, while relapsing cases or severe first attacks with poor recovery may benefit from attack-prevention therapies.\"}]","Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease | PDF",1790679054,81]