[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-425109-105":59,"doc-detail-425109-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","musical-terms-and-directions-for-performance","Musical terms and directions for performance","","Musical terms and performance directions compiled as a practical glossary, drawing from James Murray Brown’s A Handbook of Musical Knowledge (Revised Edition). The content defines common dynamics, articulation, and expressive markings (e.g., pianissimo to fortissimo, crescendo/rallentando, accents) and explains tempo and speed-related words (e.g., grave to prestissimo, accelerando, ritardando, a tempo). It also lists Italian adjectives and general performer directions, including bis and da capo, to support accurate interpretation in musical works.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/musical-terms-and-directions-for-performance/425109/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/musical-terms-and-directions-for-performance/425109.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Stanford","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What do pianissimo (pp) and fortissimo (ff) indicate?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"They indicate very soft (pp) and very loud (ff) strength of tone, with intermediate dynamic levels listed between them.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which terms describe gradual changes in tempo, such as getting faster or slower?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The glossary includes accelerando for getting gradually faster and rallentando/ritardando for gradually becoming slower, along with related terms like a tempo and ad libitum.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do bis and da capo affect performance?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Bis instructs that a short passage is played or sung twice, while da capo (D.C.) indicates repeating from the beginning, including variants like da capo al fine.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},425109,1791303117,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":39},2336477552062,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Musical terms and directions for performance  \nSource: James Murray Brown, A Handbook of Musical Knowledge, Revised Edition (Trinity College London, 1987)  \nGrade 2,  \nGrade 3 and Grade 4  \nGrade 3 and Grade 4  \nWords showing strength of tone:  \nPianissimo (pp)  \nMezzo piano (mp)  \nPiano (p)  \nMezza voce (mv)  \nMezzo forte (mf )  \nForte (f )  \nFortissimo (ff ) Crescendo or  DecDimescnueennddoo } or  SFrzzaannddoof(() )} Rinforzando (rf )  \nWords showing speed:  \nGrave Lento  \nLargo  \nLarghetto Adagio Andante  \nAndantino Moderato Allegretto  \nAllegro Vivace Presto  \nPrestissimo  \nVery soft Moderately soft Soft  \nMedium tone Moderately loud Loud  \nVery loud  \nGradually becoming louder  \nGradually becoming softer Accented  \nStrengthening the tone  \nExtremely slow, solemn Slow  \nBroad Rather broad Slow, leisurely  \nGoing at an easy pace  \nAt a moderate pace, but not so slow as Andante Moderate speed  \nRather fast Fast Lively Very quick  \nVery quick indeed, as fast as possible  \nThe following other words relating to speed are also often met with:  \nAccelerando (accel.) Rallentando (rall.) Calando  \nRitardando (ritard., rit.) Ritenuto (riten.) A tempo  \nAd libitum (ad lib.) or A piacere Meno mosso  \nPiù mosso  \nGetting gradually faster Getting gradually slower Softer and slower Retarding the speed Held back  \nIn time  \nAt the performer’s pleasure Slower at once  \nQuicker at once  \nThe signs > and ^ above notes are called Accents, and are used to mark strongly accented notes.  \nTerms relating to tone:  \nMancando Failing or waning tone  \nSmorzanMorendodo } Dying away  \nPiù forte More loudly  \nPiù piano More softly  \nMeno forte Less loudly  \nMeno piano Less softly  \nPerdendosi Losing itself by getting softer and slower  \nTerms relating to speed:  \nLargamente Broadly, massively  \nAdagietto Rather leisurely  \nTempo ordinario Ordinary speed  \nTempo commodo Convenient, i.e. comfortable speed  \nVivacissimo Extremely lively  \nTosto Quick; rapid  \nCelere Quick; nimble  \nGrade 4  \nVeloce Stringendo (string.) Stretto Affrettando  \nTempo Guisto Doppio Tempo,  \n}  \nor Doppio Movimento L’istesso tempo  \nTempo Primo Più lento  \nSwiftly  \nPressing onwards, hurrying the speed In strict, or exact time  \nIn double time, i.e. twice as fast as the preceding movement In the same time as the preceding movement. This term is used when the time signature is changed, but the beats are still to be of the same length as before.  \nAt the same speed as at first More slowly  \nItalian words indicating expression, etc:  \nAgitato  \nAnimato Appassionato Cantabile; Cantando Capriccioso Con anima  \nCon brio  \nCon espressione  \nCon energia  \nCon fuoco  \nCon grazia  \nCon moto  \nCon spirito  \nCon tenerezza Deciso  \nDelicato  \nDolce Energico Espressivo Forza  \nFurioso Giusto Grandioso  \nGrazioso Legato  \nLeggiero Maestoso  \nMarcato  \nMartellato  \nMesto  \nMosso Pesante Piacevole Pomposo Risoluto Rubato  \nScherzando; Scherzoso Semplice  \nSerioso Sonore  \nSostenuto  \nSotto voce Tempo rubato  \nTeneramente; Con tenerezza Tranquillo  \nVivo; Con vivacita  \nIn an agitated manner Animated Impassioned  \nIn a singing style Fanciful; capricious With soul, [i.e. life](i.e. life)[ ](i.e. life)With vivacity, brilliance With expression With energy or force With fire  \nWith grace  \nWith motion, i.e. rather fast With spirit  \nWith tenderness Decided, i.e. with firmness Delicately; refined Sweetly, gently  \nIn an energetic manner Expressively  \nForce or emphasis Impetuously; with fury Right; exact; strict Grandly  \nGracefully; daintily Smoothly and connectedly Lightly  \nMajestic  \nMarked  \nWith great force; hammered In a pensive, sad manner Moved, [i.e. fast](i.e. fast)  \nHeavily; in a ponderous manner In a pleasing manner Pompously  \nIn a resolute manner  \nRobbed (flexible in time); see tempo rubato In a sprightly, playful manner  \nSimply Seriously Sonorous  \nSustained  \nIn a subdued manner; in an undertone  \nRobbed time; the slight alterations by acceleration or retardation which a performe","cbCaiguiqIPf6R0n","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiguiqIPf6R0n","pdf",58273,"English","# Dynamics and tone terms\n## Strength of tone\n## Terms relating to speed\n## Accents and performing signs\n# Tempo and speed directions\n## Common speed words\n## Gradual tempo changes\n# Italian expression and performer directions\n## Italian words for expression\n## Italian adjectives and prepositions\n## Bis and da capo instructions","[{\"question\":\"What do pianissimo (pp) and fortissimo (ff) indicate?\",\"answer\":\"They indicate very soft (pp) and very loud (ff) strength of tone, with intermediate dynamic levels listed between them.\"},{\"question\":\"Which terms describe gradual changes in tempo, such as getting faster or slower?\",\"answer\":\"The glossary includes accelerando for getting gradually faster and rallentando/ritardando for gradually becoming slower, along with related terms like a tempo and ad libitum.\"},{\"question\":\"How do bis and da capo affect performance?\",\"answer\":\"Bis instructs that a short passage is played or sung twice, while da capo (D.C.) indicates repeating from the beginning, including variants like da capo al fine.\"}]","Musical terms and directions for performance | PDF",1790636294]