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Literature review further summarizes definitions, risk factors, prevalence, diagnostic approaches and treatment options for 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review  \nLINLIN HAO 1 , LIHUI ZHANG2 , CHUANJIE XU3 , MIN JIANG 1 , GEYI ZHU 1 and JIE GUO 1  \nDepartments of 1Tumor Radiotherapy, 2Gynaecology and 3Pathology,  \nThe Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China  \nReceived March 27, 2023; Accepted July 13, 2023  \nDOI: 10. 3892/ol.2023.14014  \nAbstract. Multiple primary malignant neoplasms (MPMN) are defined as two or more primary malignancies diagnosed inan individual. There is no association between these cancers, which can be classified into synchronous and heterochronous cancers depending on the time of diagnosis. The present study presented a rare case of bilateral breast, endometrial, cervical and ovarian cancers. Through thorough physical examination, pathology and immunohistochemistry, it could be determined that bilateral breast, endometrial and cervical cancers were primary malignant tumors and that ovarian cancer cannot be excluded as a result of metastasis. The present study also summarized the definitions, risk factors, prevalence characteristics, diagnostic ideas and treatment options for MPMN by reviewing the literature.  \nIntroduction  \nMultiple primary malignant neoplasms (MPMN) are defined as two or more primary malignancies occurring in the same person, rather than metastasis . So far, numerous (1‑6) of MPMN have been reported, with a relatively large number of diachronic MPMN and a smaller proportion of simultaneous MPMN. It is rare to find three or more cases of simultaneous multiple malignancies. Owing to continuous innovations in the treatment of malignant tumors, the survival of some patients with cancer has been prolonged. In addition, because of an increase in human longevity and improvements in diagnostic technology, the incidence of a number of types of malignant tumors is on the rise. The present study reported the case of a 51‑year‑old woman with right‑sided invasive breast cancer, left‑sided ductal carcinoma in situ , endometrioid  \nCorrespondence to: Professor Jie Guo, Department of Tumor Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China  \nE‑mail: [guojie@jlu.edu.cn](guojie@jlu.edu.cn)  \nKeywords:simultaneousmultiplecancers, breastneoplasms, endome‑ trial neoplasms, uterine cervical neoplasms, ovarian neoplasms  \nadenocarcinoma, cervical cancer and ovarian cancer. Such cases of multiple concurrent primary tumors are rare.  \nCase report  \nA 51‑year‑old woman with a history of mammary gland involvement and no history of cancer or other diseases was admitted to The Second Hospital of Jilin University (Jilin, China) for vaginal bleeding. The approval number of this case are 2023138. Six months before hospitalization, she had experienced vaginal bleeding but did not pay attention to it. Gynecological examination revealed a vaginal tumor 5‑6 cm in diameter that appeared in the cervix and accumulated in the lower third of the vagina. Biopsy of the cervical tumor showed a hypodifferentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma with invasivesquamous cell carcinoma nests in the local cells (Fig. 1) . To clarify the stage and further improve the examination, the brain was scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Chest, abdomen and pelvis computed tomography (CT) with contrast were subsequently performed, which revealed a cervical lump (Fig. 2A and B), right abdominal lump (Fig. 2C and D), left breast lump (Fig. 2E and F) and right breast lump (Fig. 2G and H) . Based on the imaging findings, it was suspected that the lumps were malignant. Therefore, a biopsy of the breast and ovarian masses was performed to obtain pathological tissue. Low‑grade ductal carcinoma in situ was observed in the pathological tissue of the left breast (Fig. 3A), invasive breast cancer was observed in the pathological tissue of the right breast (Fig. 3B) and invasive carci","cbCaivGLYe1p86a0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivGLYe1p86a0","pdf",2703297,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Case report\n## Imaging and biopsies\n## Histopathology and immunohistochemistry","[{\"question\":\"What are multiple primary malignant neoplasms (MPMN)?\",\"answer\":\"MPMN are defined as two or more primary malignancies diagnosed in the same person, rather than metastasis.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is this case considered rare?\",\"answer\":\"The report describes multiple synchronous primary malignancies involving bilateral breast, endometrial, cervical and ovarian cancers, which is described as rare.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the study determine whether tumors were primary or metastatic?\",\"answer\":\"Through physical examination, pathology, and immunohistochemistry, the study concluded that bilateral breast, endometrial and cervical cancers were primary, while ovarian cancer could not be excluded as metastatic.\"}]","Multiple synchronous primary malignant neoplasms - A case report and literature review | PDF",1790215488,18]