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At teacher level, higher teacher anxiety, male gender, and marital status were associated with increased student anxiety, highlighting multi-layer influences.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/multilevel-predictors-of-middle-school-mathematics-anxiety-roles-of-students-teachers-and-parents/582289/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/multilevel-predictors-of-middle-school-mathematics-anxiety-roles-of-students-teachers-and-parents/582289.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Margaret","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-15","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",6,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What research method is used to predict mathematics anxiety?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The study uses a predictive correlational design with multilevel analysis using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM).","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How is mathematics anxiety measured in the study?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Mathematics anxiety is measured using validated anxiety scales administered to students, their mathematics teachers, and parents.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Which factors most strongly relate to higher student mathematics anxiety?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"At the student level, higher parental mathematics anxiety, fewer social opportunities, and lower self-efficacy are significant predictors. At the teacher level, higher teacher mathematics anxiety, male gender, and marital status are associated with increased student anxiety.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},582289,1792165937,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},137451207643,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Multilevel predictors of middle school mathematics anxiety: Roles  \nof students, teachers, and parents  \nYeşim Özer Özkan*  \nGaziantep University, Department of Educational Measurement and Evaluation, Gaziantep, Türkiye,  \n[yesimozkan@gantep.edu.tr](yesimozkan@gantep.edu.tr)  \nZekai Demirdelen  \nMinistry of National Education, Şehit Veli Demiryürek Science and Art Center, Osmaniye, Türkiye,  \n[zdemirdelen91@gmail.com](zdemirdelen91@gmail.com)  \nMeltem Acar Güvendir  \nTrakya University, Department of Educational Measurement and Evaluation, Edirne, Türkiye,  \n[meltemacar@gmail.com](meltemacar@gmail.com)  \n*Corresponding Author  \nABSTRACT This study investigates how student and teacher characteristics predict students’ mathematics anxiety using a predictive correlational design and multilevel analysis through Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM). The sample consisted of 413 middle school students, their mathematics teachers (n=12) and the parents of these students (n = 413) . Mathematics anxiety was measured using validated anxiety scales administered to students, their mathematics teachers, and parents. The results of the HLM analysis indicated that 94% of the variance in mathematics anxiety was at the student level. At the student level, higher parental mathematics anxiety, fewer social opportunities, and lower self-efficacy were significant predictors of higher student mathematics anxiety. At the teacher level, higher teacher mathematics anxiety, male gender and marital status were associated with increased student mathematics anxiety. These findings highlight the multi-layered nature of mathematics anxiety and emphasize the need for interventions addressing both student and teacher influences.  \nKeywords: Hierarchical linear modeling, Middle school students, Parental mathematics anxiety, Teacher mathematics anxiety  \nOrtaokul öğrencilerinde matematik kaygısının çok düzeyliyordayıcıları: Öğrenci, öğretmen ve ebeveyn rolleri  \nÖZ Bu çalışmada, öğrenci ve öğretmen özelliklerinin öğrencilerin matematik kaygısını nasıl etkilediğini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada ilişkisel desen kullanılmış ve çok düzeyli analiz için hiyerarşik doğrusal modelleme (HLM) yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Çalışma örneklemi, 12 matematik öğretmeni ve 413 ortaokul öğrencisi ve bu öğrencilerin ebeveynlerinden (413) oluşmaktadır. Matematik kaygısı,öğrencilere, matematik öğretmenlerine ve ebeveynlere uygulanan geçerli kaygı ölçekleri aracılığıyla ölçülmüştür. HLM analizi sonuçları, matematik kaygısındaki toplam varyansın %94'ünün öğrencidüzeyinde olduğunu göstermiştir. Öğrenci düzeyinde, yüksek ebeveyn matematik kaygısı, daha az sosyalfırsat ve düşük matematik öz-yeterliği, öğrencilerin daha yüksek matematik kaygısı yaşamasıyla anlamlışekilde ilişkilendirilmiştir. Öğretmen düzeyinde ise yüksek öğretmen matematik kaygısı, erkek cinsiyet ve bekar olma durumu, öğrencilerin matematik kaygısını artıran faktörler olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu bulgular, matematik kaygısının çok katmanlı doğasını vurgulamakta ve öğrenci ile öğretmen etkilerini dikkate alan müdahalelerin gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.  \nAnahtar Ebeveyn matematik kaygısı, Hiyerarşik lineer model, Ortaokul öğrencileri, Öğretmen matematik Sözcükler: kaygısı  \nÖzer Özkan, Y., Demirdelen, Z., & Acar Güvendir, M. (2026) . Multilevel predictors of middle school  \nCitation: mathematics anxiety: Roles of students, teachers, and parents. Turkish Journal ofEducation, 15(1),  \n65-85. [https://doi.org/10.19128/turje.1660559](https://doi.org/10.19128/turje.1660559)  \nINTRODUCTION  \nFrom the moment an individual is conceived, they are exposed to various stimuli. While some of these stimuli are ignored, others are absorbed to support cognitive, emotional, and physical development. Responses to stimuli can be formed either through direct exposure or through experiences acquired indirectly. The process of receiving stimuli, cognitively processing them, emotionally interpreting them, and physically reacting to them constitu","cbCaiaRqeIuUjXzP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaRqeIuUjXzP","pdf",591267,21,"English","# Introduction\n## Anxiety as a key stimulus\n## Mathematics anxiety in educational settings\n# Study design and analysis (from abstract)\n## Sample and measurement\n## Multilevel (HLM) results\n## Predictors at student and teacher levels","[{\"question\":\"What research method is used to predict mathematics anxiety?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses a predictive correlational design with multilevel analysis using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM).\"},{\"question\":\"How is mathematics anxiety measured in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Mathematics anxiety is measured using validated anxiety scales administered to students, their mathematics teachers, and parents.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors most strongly relate to higher student mathematics anxiety?\",\"answer\":\"At the student level, higher parental mathematics anxiety, fewer social opportunities, and lower self-efficacy are significant predictors. At the teacher level, higher teacher mathematics anxiety, male gender, and marital status are associated with increased student anxiety.\"}]","Multilevel predictors of middle school mathematics anxiety - Roles of students, teachers, and parents | PDF",1792042971,53]