[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-329712-105":59,"doc-detail-329712-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","multifaceted-aspects-of-dysfunctional-myelopoiesis-in-cancer-and-therapeutic-perspectives-with-focus-on-hcc","Multifaceted Aspects of Dysfunctional Myelopoiesis in Cancer and Therapeutic Perspectives with Focus on HCC","","Myelopoiesis governs the formation and renewal of innate immune cells through a highly plastic program that adjusts to shifting external and internal signals. Infections and chronic conditions, including cancer, can alter these pathways via multiple factors, reshaping proliferation and differentiation. While adaptive immunity has long dominated anticancer focus, evidence emphasizes innate immunity and emergency myelopoiesis as key drivers. This review frames dysfunctional myelopoiesis in the tumor microenvironment and proposes therapeutic research directions to restore host immune physiology, highlighting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/multifaceted-aspects-of-dysfunctional-myelopoiesis-in-cancer-and-therapeutic-perspectives-with-focus-on-hcc/329712/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/multifaceted-aspects-of-dysfunctional-myelopoiesis-in-cancer-and-therapeutic-perspectives-with-focus-on-hcc/329712.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Genevieve","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-26","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the role of myelopoiesis in immune responses?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Myelopoiesis forms and continually renews mainly innate immune cells. It is a highly plastic process that adapts to external and internal stimuli to meet acute and changing needs.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How can cancer affect myelopoiesis?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Cancer modulates myelopoiesis by producing factors that impact proliferation and differentiation programs. This can manipulate the process to benefit the tumor’s advantage in the tumor microenvironment.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why does the review focus on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review proposes therapeutic research directions aimed at restoring physiological immune functioning, with a specific outlook on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},329712,1790041025,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1374391974585,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Review  \nMultifaceted Aspects of Dysfunctional Myelopoiesis in Cancer and Therapeutic Perspectives with Focus on HCC  \nAndrea Arleo 1, *,†, Annapaola Montagner 1,†, Catia Giovannini 1,2, Fabrizia Suzzi 1, Fabio Piscaglia 1,2 and Laura Gramantieri 2, *  \nCitation: Arleo, A.; Montagner, A.; Giovannini, C.; Suzzi, F.; Piscaglia, F.; Gramantieri, L. Multifaceted Aspects of Dysfunctional Myelopoiesis in Cancer and Therapeutic Perspectives with Focus on HCC. Biomolecules 2024, 14, 1496. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)biom14121496  \nAcademic Editor: Jorge Joven  \nReceived: 10 October 2024  \nRevised: 14 November 2024  \nAccepted: 20 November 2024  \nPublished: 24 November 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna University, 40138 Bologna, Italy; [annapaola.montagner@unibo.it](annapaola.montagner@unibo.it) (A.M.); [catia.giovannini4@unibo.it](catia.giovannini4@unibo.it) (C.G.); [fabrizia.suzzi3@unibo.it](fabrizia.suzzi3@unibo.it) (F.S.); [fabio.piscaglia@unibo.it](fabio.piscaglia@unibo.it) (F.P.)  \n2 Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy  \n* Correspondence: [andrea.arleo4@unibo.it](andrea.arleo4@unibo.it) (A.A.); [laura.gramantieri@aosp.bo.it](laura.gramantieri@aosp.bo.it) (L.G.)† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nAbstract: Myelopoiesis provides for the formation and continued renewal of cells belonging primarily to the innate immune system. It is a highly plastic process that secures the response to external and internal stimuli to face acute and changing needs. Infections and chronic diseases including cancer can modulate it by producing several factors, impacting proliferation and differentiation programs. While the lymphocytic compartment has attracted major attention due to the role of adaptive immunity in anticancer immune response, in recent years, research has found convincing evidence that confirms the importance of innate immunity and the key function played by emergency myelopoiesis. Due to cancer’s ability to manipulate myelopoiesis to its own advantage, the purpose of this review is to outline myelopoiesis processes within the tumor microenvironment and suggest possible therapeutic lines of research to restore the physiological functioning of the host’s immune system, with a special outlook on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) .  \nKeywords: emergency myelopoiesis; dysfunctional myelopoiesis; aberrant myelopoiesis; cancer; immune system; inflammation  \n1. Myelopoiesis Physiological Features  \nMyelopoiesis is a complex mechanism that provides for the formation and continued renewal of cells belonging primarily to the innate immune system. Physiologically, it takes place in the bone marrow, which is rich in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) . Although HSCs were long considered merely standard stem cells, further studies have revealed their outstanding modulating influence on the immune system and a complex differentiation process [1] . In the bone marrow environment, HSCs generally spend much of their existence in a dormant (latent) condition, ending when HSCs divide for self-renewal or differentiate into a wide range of hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) to create effector cells. HSPCs are known to promote inflammatory processes and have been found to express high levels of CD34 and low levels of lineage markers. The factors and events responsible for initiating HSC differentiation are yet to be fully understood and require further investigation; however, it is widely agreed th","cbCaijJHxVUfbJDr","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijJHxVUfbJDr","pdf",1833119,25,"English","# Abstract\n# Myelopoiesis Physiological Features\n## Bone marrow HSC dormancy and differentiation\n## Cell lineage bias and marker-based multipotency\n# Myelopoiesis Differentiation Lineages\n## HSPC-to-CMP progression and common myeloid precursors\n## Myeloid precursors leading to mature immune cells","[{\"question\":\"What is the role of myelopoiesis in immune responses?\",\"answer\":\"Myelopoiesis forms and continually renews mainly innate immune cells. It is a highly plastic process that adapts to external and internal stimuli to meet acute and changing needs.\"},{\"question\":\"How can cancer affect myelopoiesis?\",\"answer\":\"Cancer modulates myelopoiesis by producing factors that impact proliferation and differentiation programs. This can manipulate the process to benefit the tumor’s advantage in the tumor microenvironment.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the review focus on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)?\",\"answer\":\"The review proposes therapeutic research directions aimed at restoring physiological immune functioning, with a specific outlook on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).\"}]","Multifaceted Aspects of Dysfunctional Myelopoiesis in Cancer and Therapeutic Perspectives with Focus on HCC | PDF",1789985287,63]