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This study characterizes antibiotic resistance profiles and virulence of E. coli isolates from raw beef, pork, and goat meat collected in Luanda, Angola. Overall, 99 isolates were analyzed using PFGE for genetic diversity and multiplex PCR for virulence and resistance genes, alongside disk diffusion for susceptibility. Findings show high genotypic diversity, virulence genes in 46% of isolates, and substantial resistance to multiple clinically important antibiotics.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/multidrug-resistant-and-potentially-pathogenic-escherichia-coli-prevalent-in-samples-of-different-types-of-raw-meat-sold-in-informal-markets-in-luanda-angola/461261/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/multidrug-resistant-and-potentially-pathogenic-escherichia-coli-prevalent-in-samples-of-different-types-of-raw-meat-sold-in-informal-markets-in-luanda-angola/461261.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Grenda","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the main objective of the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To characterize antibiotic resistance patterns and virulence of E. coli isolated from raw meat sold in informal markets in Luanda, Angola.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How many E. coli isolates were recovered and from which meat types?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"A total of 99 E. coli isolates were recovered from fresh beef, pork, and goat meat.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which methods were used to assess genetic diversity, virulence genes, and antibiotic susceptibility?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"PFGE assessed genetic diversity, multiplex PCR detected virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, and disk diffusion tested antibiotic susceptibility.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},461261,1790789439,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},7971474921005,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Article  \nMultidrug-Resistant and Potentially Pathogenic Escherichia coli Prevalent in Samples of Different Types of Raw Meat Sold in Informal Markets in Luanda, Angola  \nGomes Cahango 1,2, Lélia Chambel 3, Luisa Brito 1 and Acácio Salamandane 4, *  \nAcademic Editor: Maria Schirone  \nReceived: 1 December 2025  \nRevised: 29 December 2025  \nAccepted: 31 December 2025  \nPublished: 4 January 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; [gomes.silva.cahango@gmail.com](gomes.silva.cahango@gmail.com) (G.C.); [lbrito@isa.ulisboa.pt](lbrito@isa.ulisboa.pt) (L.B.)  \n2 CNIC—Centro Nacional de Investigação Científica, Ministério do Ensino Superior, Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Avenida Ho Chi Min, Luanda 201, Angola  \n3 BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; [lmchambel@ciencias.ulisboa.pt](lmchambel@ciencias.ulisboa.pt)  \n4 Faculdade de Ciências de Saúde, Universidade Lúrio, Campus Universitário de Marrere, Nampula 4250, Mozambique  \n* Correspondence: [salamandane@gmail.com or asalamandane@unilurio.ac.mz](salamandane@gmail.com or asalamandane@unilurio.ac.mz)  \nAbstract  \nRaw meat can act as a reservoir and vehicle for antimicrobial-resistant foodborne Escherichia coli, particularly when sold under poor hygienic conditions, as is often the case in informal markets in many developing countries, thereby representing a significant public health risk. This study aimed to characterize the antibiotic resistance patterns and virulence of E. coli isolated from raw meat sold in informal markets in Luanda, Angola. A total of 99 E. coli isolates were recovered from fresh beef, pork and goat meat in five informal markets. DNA macrorestriction analysis by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to evaluate the genetic diversity of isolates. Multiplex PCR was performed to detect virulent and antibiotic resistance genes. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the disk diffusion method. PFGE analysis showed high genotypic diversity. Virulence genes were found in 46% of the isolates, with astA (32.3%) being the most frequent. The results also showed high resistance to cefotaxime (67.7%), ampicillin (56.7%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (56.6%) . Resistance to imipenem, a last-resort antibiotic, was observed in 30.3% of the isolates. The most prevalent resistance genes were CTX-M group 1 (10.1%) and FOX variants (27.3%) . The presence of multidrug-resistant and potentially pathogenic E. coli strains in raw meat sold in informal markets in Luanda represents a significant threat to public health. These findings underscore the urgent need to improve surveillance, hygiene practices, and antimicrobial use regulation policies in animal production in Angola.  \nKeywords: informal markets in Luanda; Angola; raw meat; Escherichia coli; multidrug resistance (MDR); antimicrobial resistance genes; virulence genes  \n1. Introduction  \nMeat and meat products are common sources of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes [1] . While many E. coli species are harmless commensals, certain pathogenic variants have emerged asa critical public health concern [2] . Among the pathogenic strains, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) are particularly noteworthy due to their  \nprominent role in severe gastrointestinal infections and associated clinical complications. These pathogens are primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, occurring through direct contact with infected hosts, both animals or ","cbCainFz3uOJtrlp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainFz3uOJtrlp","pdf",602696,17,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What was the main objective of the study?\",\"answer\":\"To characterize antibiotic resistance patterns and virulence of E. coli isolated from raw meat sold in informal markets in Luanda, Angola.\"},{\"question\":\"How many E. coli isolates were recovered and from which meat types?\",\"answer\":\"A total of 99 E. coli isolates were recovered from fresh beef, pork, and goat meat.\"},{\"question\":\"Which methods were used to assess genetic diversity, virulence genes, and antibiotic susceptibility?\",\"answer\":\"PFGE assessed genetic diversity, multiplex PCR detected virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, and disk diffusion tested antibiotic susceptibility.\"}]","Multidrug-Resistant and Potentially Pathogenic Escherichia coli Prevalent in Samples of Different Types of Raw Meat Sold in Informal Markets in Luanda, Angola | PDF",1790761128,43]