[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-126373-en":3,"doc-seo-126373-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":93},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},126373,962085564549,"Genevieve","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45",8,"Research & Report","Multi-mycotoxin detection using fluorescence spectroscopy and machine learning","Mycotoxins threaten food safety, public health, and agricultural economics, yet conventional detection relies on expensive, time-consuming chemical analyses that cannot cover batch-wide contamination in real time. This study develops a fluorescence spectroscopy workflow combined with machine learning for simultaneous multi-mycotoxin detection in maize. A best-performing multi-label model reaches 73%–96% classification accuracy across key toxins at legally relevant threshold concentrations. An Information Elimination Approach highlights discriminative wavelengths, improving trust in learned toxin-specific fluorescence bands.","Food Control 181 (2026) 111728  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nFood Control  \njournal [homepage:](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodcont)[ www.elsevier.com/locate/foodcont](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodcont)  \n| Multi-mycotoxin detection using fluorescence spectroscopy and machine learning\u003Cbr>Francesca Venturinia,b,* , Umberto Micheluccib,c , Indy Magnus d,e , Lien Smeestersd,e \u003Cbr>a ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Engineering, 8401, Winterthur, Switzerland b TOELT LLC, Research and Development, 8600, Dubendorf, Switzerland\u003Cbr>c Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Computer Science Department, 6343, Rotkreuz, Switzerland d Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium\u003Cbr>e Flanders Make@VUB-BP&M, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| A R T I C L E I N F O |  | A B S T R A C T |\n| Keywords:\u003Cbr>Fluorescence spectroscopy Mycotoxin\u003Cbr>Machine learning Optical sensing Food quality Maize\u003Cbr>Information elimination approach |  | Mycotoxins are a major concern in the agrifood industry, affecting food safety and human health, while also showing a significant economic impact. Their detection typically requires complex chemical analyses that are expensive, costly and time consuming. To enable an easier and faster detection, several optical spectroscopy methods have been investigated. The state-of-the-art spectroscopic technologies typically focus on the sensing of individual mycotoxins, not taking the full toxicity into account in the case of the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins. This work shows how fluorescence spectroscopy combined with machine learning algorithms allows multi-mycotoxin detection in maize. The best performing multi-label classification achieved a classification accuracy of 73 % for aflatoxin, 91 % for deoxynivalenol, 86 % for zearalenone and 96 % for fumonisin, when considering threshold concentrations of 3.5 μg/kg, 1000 μg/kg, 55.0 μm/kg and 1000 μm/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the most important wavelengths for the classification were identified using a new approach, called Information Elimination Approach, demonstrating that the models learned from toxin-specific fluorescence bands, thus increasing trustworthiness. This research, for the first time to the authors’ knowledge, presents a successful simultaneous detection of multiple co-occurring mycotoxins with fluorescence spectroscopy at concentrations relevant to the European legislation limits, thus paving the way for an enhanced food safety. |\n\n1. Introduction  \nMycotoxins are metabolites of fungi causing acute toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, immunotoxic, and oestrogenic effects inman and animals. They pose a serious global threat to food and feed safety, public health, and agricultural economics (Liu et al., 2023). Among the more than 400 mycotoxins that have been identified, aflatoxins (AFLA), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FUM), ochratoxins (OTA) and patulin (PTL) pose the largest threat. Mycotoxins occur on a wide range of crops, like maize, peanuts, almonds, and cereals, whose contamination can arise both on the field, during storage, and transport. Furthermore, mycotoxins are invisible to the human eye and cannot be destroyed by any form of food processing. The development of accurate detection technologies to detect toxins before they enter the food production chain is, therefore, of fundamental importance.  \nAnalytical methods typically used are high-performance liquid chromatography (HPCL) or liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and enzyme linked immune absorbent assay (ELISA) (Kumar et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2023; Turner et al., 2009). These methods, despite being highly sensitive, require expensive instruments, complex sample preparation and specific expertise, making them unsuitable for in-situ, real-time or large-scale detection. In addition, owning ","cbCaiaBSsJ1EekL1","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaBSsJ1EekL1","pdf",6114432,5,1,9,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Background and risk of mycotoxins\n## Limitations of conventional analytical methods\n## Rationale for fluorescence spectroscopy and machine learning","[{\"question\":\"Why are multi-mycotoxin detection methods important for food safety?\",\"answer\":\"Mycotoxins can co-occur in food, creating combined risks. Traditional methods often target individual toxins and may miss the full toxicity picture.\"},{\"question\":\"What approach is proposed for detecting mycotoxins in maize?\",\"answer\":\"Fluorescence spectroscopy is combined with machine learning to enable simultaneous multi-mycotoxin detection in maize.\"},{\"question\":\"How is model trustworthiness improved in the proposed method?\",\"answer\":\"A new Information Elimination Approach identifies the most important wavelengths, showing the models learn from toxin-specific fluorescence bands.\"}]","Multi-mycotoxin detection using fluorescence spectroscopy and machine learning | PDF",1785904730,23,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":88,"head_meta":90,"extra_data":92,"updated_unix":29},"multi-mycotoxin-detection-using-fluorescence-spectroscopy-and-machine-learning","",{"@graph":37,"@context":87},[38,55,70],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,52],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":53,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":54},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/multi-mycotoxin-detection-using-fluorescence-spectroscopy-and-machine-learning/126373/",4,{"url":53,"name":13,"@type":56,"author":57,"headline":13,"publisher":59,"fileFormat":62,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":63,"datePublished":64,"encodingFormat":62,"isAccessibleForFree":65,"interactionStatistic":66},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":58},"Person",{"url":42,"name":60,"@type":61},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-24","2026-08-05",true,{"@type":67,"interactionType":68,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":69},"ViewAction",{"@type":71,"mainEntity":72},"FAQPage",[73,79,83],{"name":74,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":76},"Why are multi-mycotoxin detection methods important for food safety?","Question",{"text":77,"@type":78},"Mycotoxins can co-occur in food, creating combined risks. Traditional methods often target individual toxins and may miss the full toxicity picture.","Answer",{"name":80,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":81},"What approach is proposed for detecting mycotoxins in maize?",{"text":82,"@type":78},"Fluorescence spectroscopy is combined with machine learning to enable simultaneous multi-mycotoxin detection in maize.",{"name":84,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":85},"How is model trustworthiness improved in the proposed method?",{"text":86,"@type":78},"A new Information Elimination Approach identifies the most important wavelengths, showing the models learn from toxin-specific fluorescence bands.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":53,"og:type":89,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":60,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":91,"canonical":53},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":94},[95,99,103,107,111,116,121,124,128,131,135],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":96,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":48,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":54,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},30,"research-report",{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":20,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]