[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-361369-105":59,"doc-detail-361369-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","mucosal-immunity-mechanism-and-application-in-cancer-immunotherapy","Mucosal immunity: mechanism and application in cancer immunotherapy","","Recent advances in immunotherapy have reshaped cancer treatment and spurred research into vaccine-based anti-tumor strategies. As the first line of defense against external infections, mucosal immune responses maintain normal physiology and block pathogen invasion. Because mucosal tissues are frequent sites for tumor initiation, leveraging mucosal immunity offers a practical path to improve antitumor therapy. This review explains mucosal immune mechanisms across respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts and summarizes related research and clinical trials.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/mucosal-immunity-mechanism-and-application-in-cancer-immunotherapy/361369/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/mucosal-immunity-mechanism-and-application-in-cancer-immunotherapy/361369.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"hdkawk","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is mucosal immunity relevant to cancer immunotherapy?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Mucosal tissues are common sites of tumor initiation, and mucosal immune responses protect against external threats. Harnessing these responses provides a feasible way to optimize current antitumor therapies.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which parts of the body are emphasized in the review?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review focuses on mucosal immunity in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What are mucosal vaccines used for in cancer therapy?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Mucosal vaccines are explored for their antitumor potential, including promising effects in preclinical studies and ongoing clinical trials.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},361369,1790172711,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747859855,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Xu etal. Journal of Hematology & Oncology (2026) 19:60 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-026-01829-z](https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-026-01829-z)  \nJournal of Hematology & Oncology  \nREVIEW Open Access  \nMucosal immunity: mechanism  \nand application in cancer immunotherapy  \nMaosen Xu1†, Ruolan Xia1†, Yuquan Wei1, Xingchen Peng2* and Xiawei Wei1*  \nAbstract  \nRecent advances in immunotherapy have significantly revolutionized cancer treatment landscape and prompted extensive research into novel vaccine-based anti-tumor therapy. As the primary defense against external infections, the mucosal immune response plays a pivotal role in maintaining normal physiological functions and preventing pathogen invasion. Mucosal tissues are among the most common sites of tumor initiation, and therefore harnessing mucosal immune to fight against malignant cells represents a feasible option for optimizing and improving current antitumor therapies. Over the past few decades, numerous efforts have been devoted to designing ideal and effective mucosal vaccine. Some clinical trials using mucosal vaccine for cancer therapy have been also launched continually. In this review, we introduce the mechanisms of mucosal immunity, with a focus on the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts. We also summarize recent research and clinical trials on the application of mucosal vaccines in anti-tumor therapy, aiming to provide new perspectives and directions for future studies.  \nKeywords Mucosal immunity, Cancer, Vaccine, Immunotherapy  \nIntroduction  \nMalignant tumors remain a leading cause of diseaserelated mortality worldwide. According to statistical data from 2022, there were approximately 20 million new incident cases of cancer and 9.7 million cancer-related deaths recorded [1]. In recent years, in-depth exploration of cancer pathogenesis and progression has driven significant advancements and innovations in anti-tumor therapies.  \n†Maosen Xu and Ruolan Xia contributed equally to the work.  \n*Correspondence: Xingchen Peng[pxx2014@scu.edu.cn](pxx2014@scu.edu.cn)[ ](pxx2014@scu.edu.cn)Xiawei Wei [xiaweiwei@scu.edu.cn](xiaweiwei@scu.edu.cn)  \n1Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People’s Republic of China 2Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China  \nIn addition to conventional therapeutic methods such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, immunotherapy has recently revolutionized cancer treatment and improved the outcomes in patients with various cancer types [2].  \nThe objective of cancer immunotherapy is to activate and enhance the host’s immune system and to improve the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, thereby establishing either passive or active immunological defenses against malignancies [3, 4]. At present, the primary immunotherapeutic strategies for cancer treatment include cancer vaccine, immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic virus therapy and adoptive cell transfer. All of those methods have shown promising effects and some agents have been advanced to testing in clinical trials [5].  \nAs the primary defense against external infections, the mucosal immune response plays a pivotal role in maintaining normal physiological functions and preventing  \n© The Author(s) 2026. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this arti","cbCaif8Dpf31lJGH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaif8Dpf31lJGH","pdf",2842471,29,"English","# Introduction\n# Mechanisms of Mucosal Immunity\n# Application of Mucosal Vaccines in Cancer Immunotherapy\n# Clinical Trials and Future Perspectives","[{\"question\":\"Why is mucosal immunity relevant to cancer immunotherapy?\",\"answer\":\"Mucosal tissues are common sites of tumor initiation, and mucosal immune responses protect against external threats. Harnessing these responses provides a feasible way to optimize current antitumor therapies.\"},{\"question\":\"Which parts of the body are emphasized in the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on mucosal immunity in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts.\"},{\"question\":\"What are mucosal vaccines used for in cancer therapy?\",\"answer\":\"Mucosal vaccines are explored for their antitumor potential, including promising effects in preclinical studies and ongoing clinical trials.\"}]","Mucosal immunity: mechanism and application in cancer immunotherapy | PDF",1790144092,73]