[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-227416-en":3,"doc-seo-227416-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},227416,7971461740886,"Theodore","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2",8,"Research & Report","Morphological Description of Frontal EEG Interictal and Ictal Discharges in an Adult Cohort of 175 Patients","Clinical and electroencephalogram (EEG) features in frontal lobe epilepsy vary substantially, making diagnosis difficult. This prospective cross-sectional study enrolled adults with frontal interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) after clinical events compatible with epileptic seizures, then analyzed interictal and ictal EEG using statistical methods to characterize morphology. The ictal onset morphological seizure pattern stayed globally stable over time, isolated sharp waves were most frequent IED waveforms, and frontal seizures were often short and sometimes clustered, with subtle ictal electrical expression. Findings support differentiation of frontal lobe epilepsy cases and reduce false negatives in EEG interpretation.","Article  \nMorphological Description of Frontal EEG Interictal and Ictal Discharges in an Adult Cohort of 175 Patients  \nBeatriz Garc½a-Lâpez 1, Mar½a Sueiras-Gil 2, Ana Isabel Gâmez-Men²ndez 1, Fernando V¡zquez-S¡nchez 3, *, Mar½a Carmen Lloria-Gil 1, Jerânimo J. Gonz¡lez-Bernal 4, Josefa Gonz¡lez-Santos 4,*,  \nMirian Santamar½a-Pela²z 4, Raól Soto-C¡mara 4, * and Troels Wesenberg Kjaer 5  \n􀀁􀀂􀀃􀀁􀀄 􀀆􀀇􀀈  \n􀀁􀀂􀀃􀀄􀀅􀀆􀀇  \nCitation: García-López, B.; Sueiras-Gil, M.; Gómez-Menéndez, A.I.; Vázquez-Sánchez, F.; Lloria-Gil, M.C.; González-Bernal, J.J.;  \nGonzález-Santos, J.; Santamaría-Pelaéz, M.; Soto-Cámara, R.; Wesenberg Kjaer, T. Morphological Description of Frontal EEG Interictal and Ictal Discharges in an Adult Cohort of 175 Patients. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 1219 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10061219](https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10061219)  \nAcademic Editors: Lindsay A. Farrer, Umberto Aguglia and Sang  \nRyong Kim  \nReceived: 10 January 2021  \nAccepted: 11 March 2021  \nPublished: 15 March 2021  \nPublisher's Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.  \nCopyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Neurophysiology Department, Burgos University Hospital, 09006 Burgos, Spain; [bgarcialo@saludcastillayleon.es](bgarcialo@saludcastillayleon.es) (B.G.-L.); [agomm@saludcastillayleon.es](agomm@saludcastillayleon.es) (A.I.G.-M.); [mclloriag@saludcastillayleon.es](mclloriag@saludcastillayleon.es) (M.C.L.-G.)  \n2 Neurophysiology Department, Valld'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; [msueiras@vhebron.net](msueiras@vhebron.net)  \n3 Neurology Department, Burgos University Hospital, 09006 Burgos, Spain  \n4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; jejavier@ubu.es (J.J.G.-B.); [mspelaez@ubu.es](mspelaez@ubu.es) (M.S.-P.)  \n5 Sjællands Universitets Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; [twk@regionsjaelland.dk](twk@regionsjaelland.dk)  \n* Correspondence: fvazsan@saludcastillayleon.es (F.V.-S.); mjgonzalez@ubu.es (J.G.-S.);  \n[rscamara@ubu.es](rscamara@ubu.es) (R.S.-C.)  \nAbstract: Clinical and electroencephalogram (EEG) features in frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) vary considerably among patients, making the diagnosis a challenge. The objective of this study was to describe interictal and ictal EEG activity, identifying variables that could help to differentiate and diagnose frontal lobe epilepsy cases. A prospective cross-sectional study from patients with frontal interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) referred to the Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (Barcelona, Spain) after a clinical event compatible with epileptic seizures was designed. The interictal and ictal activity were analyzed to provide a detailed EEG description of the cases, using different statistical analyses. The morphological seizure pattern at the ictal onset remained globally unchanged over time in seizures arising from the frontal lobe for each patient. Isolated sharp waves were the most frequent waveforms in the expression of IED. Frontal lobe seizures are frequently short and sometimes appear grouped in clusters within the same recording. Often the ictal expression of the electrical activity in frontal lobe seizure is subtle and challenging to interpret. A description of the main findings is summarized to identify seizures arising from the frontal lobe and avoid false negatives findings in EEG interpretations.  \nKeywords: EEG; frontal lobe seizures; electroencephalography; EEG discharges in focal epilepsy; EEG morphology  \n1. Introduction  \nFrontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) is the second most frequent type of focal epilepsy. Most series are surgical, which may introduce se","cbCaiik38QXCr5lT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiik38QXCr5lT","pdf",19459338,1,13,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Frontal lobe epilepsy classification and diagnostic challenges\n## Interictal epileptiform discharges and ictal EEG features","[{\"question\":\"What was the main objective of the study on frontal lobe epilepsy EEG?\",\"answer\":\"To describe interictal and ictal EEG activity and identify variables that could help differentiate and diagnose cases of frontal lobe epilepsy.\"},{\"question\":\"How stable was the morphological seizure pattern at ictal onset over time?\",\"answer\":\"The morphological seizure pattern at ictal onset remained globally unchanged over time in seizures arising from the frontal lobe for each patient.\"},{\"question\":\"What EEG features were most frequent and why is interpretation challenging?\",\"answer\":\"Isolated sharp waves were the most frequent waveforms for IED expression. Interpretation is challenging because ictal electrical activity in frontal lobe seizures is often subtle and can be obscured by artifacts, leading to false negatives if not carefully assessed.\"}]","Morphological Description of Frontal EEG Interictal and Ictal Discharges in an Adult Cohort of 175 Patients | PDF",1789008294,33,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":28},"morphological-description-of-frontal-eeg-interictal-and-ictal-discharges-in-an-adult-cohort-of-175-patients","",{"@graph":36,"@context":86},[37,54,69],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/morphological-description-of-frontal-eeg-interictal-and-ictal-discharges-in-an-adult-cohort-of-175-patients/227416/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-11","2026-09-10",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What was the main objective of the study on frontal lobe epilepsy EEG?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"To describe interictal and ictal EEG activity and identify variables that could help differentiate and diagnose cases of frontal lobe epilepsy.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"How stable was the morphological seizure pattern at ictal onset over time?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"The morphological seizure pattern at ictal onset remained globally unchanged over time in seizures arising from the frontal lobe for each patient.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"What EEG features were most frequent and why is interpretation challenging?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Isolated sharp waves were the most frequent waveforms for IED expression. Interpretation is challenging because ictal electrical activity in frontal lobe seizures is often subtle and can be obscured by artifacts, leading to false negatives if not carefully assessed.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,116,121,124,129,132,136],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]