[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40143-en":3,"doc-seo-40143-105":28,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":88},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":11,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":20},40143,1099513958762,"Logic","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1782109480056885918",2,"Literature","Montgolfier Brothers and the Invention of Aviation 1783–1784","Review text on early ballooning and the Montgolfier Brothers’ role in the invention of aviation in 1783–1784, highlighting public demonstrations and the surge of popular fascination. It discusses key flights at Versailles and the first untethered manned balloon ascent, the hazards that quickly followed, and how professional aviators earned status through risky displays. The critique evaluates Charles Coulston Gillispie’s account and its framing of scientific progress, including debates about internalist history and neglected social or political relations.","and is convinced that'in the systems ofscientific knowledge progress can bemeasured in terms quite independent ofvalue judgments”(p.4).Newton's world-view,he argues,represents progress overAristotle's because\"Newtonian theory isbigger,more exact,more precisely testable,and above all more mathematical than itspredecessor.\"Hall views the history ofscience as a branch of the history of ideas.Surprisingly,he equates the force ofNewtonian ideas with the force of Lenin'sideas(p.360).  \nHall has ignored,or rather,neglected toinclude in his treatise any accounts of thesocial relations of science,and little of thepolitical relations.Martin Luther,forexample,warrants mention only threetimes,and these mentions are incidental;itis not until page 348 that the reader isreminded that war separated the Frenchand the English from 1698 to 1714.Hall'ssecond chapter,'The Problem of Cause'may be regarded as an attempt to deal withthe issues raised by the sociologists ofscience,but most of the scholarship is dealtwith indirectly,by refutation.The reader istold why Thomas Kuhn's The Structure ofScientific Revolutions(University ofChicago)should not be applied to thescientific revolution of 1500-1750 butKuhn's work is not directly cited in thisconnection(citations to it do appearelsewhere).Merton's thesis about the roleof Protestants in the founding of the RoyalSociety is rejected,although there is anacknowledgement that Christopher Hilland Charles Webster have found itseminal.Hall deals handsomely with DameFrances Yates's magisterial GiordanoBruno(Routledge),but rejects itsoperating thesis.These are,of course,exactly the positions to be expected fromsomeone who sees the history of science asa sub-set of the history of ideas.  \nIn sum,Hall's book tacitly redefines theterm 'scientific revolution’by concen-trating almost exclusively on changes inastronomy,mechanics and biology,removing from consideration changes inchemistry and electricity;the scientificrevolution is seen as a triumph of mathe-maticization,as the progress of rationalityover reigiosity,above all,as an ‘internal'process depending almost exclusively on'progress'within a discipline.There is nodoubt in this reviewer's mind that if what iswanted is such an ‘internal'history,Hall'sbook is one of the best of the genre.Theprose is lucid,the structure of each chapter(and of each paragraph)is rhetoricallyexemplary and graceful.Graduatestudents,those with some knowledge of theliterature,should find the book rewardingreading;undergraduates will be confusedby it.Non-historians,especially those withinternalist'or whiggish proclivities willfind here storng confirmation of their ownconvictions.             □  \nJ.Z.Fullmer is a Professor of History at theOhio State University,Columbus,Ohio.  \nhot-air montgolfiere and the hydrogenballoon,or charliere,named after thephysicist J.A.C.Charles,who was anotable pioneer of hydrogen ballooning.  \nThe ascent ofman  \nThe degree of popular interest was extra-ordinary,and grand public demonstrationsbecame the order of the day.In September1783,Etienne Montgolfier staged aparticularly memorable flight for the kingand queen at Versailles and on 21November 1783 the inevitable next step wastaken when a prominent scientific lecturer,Pilatre de Rozier,and an infantry officer,the marquis d'Arlandes,undertook thefirst manned flight in an untetheredballoon.Ironically,it was Pilatre de Rozierwho became the first victim of aviation inJune 1785,when his hazardous attempt touse a hydrogen balloon and a hot-airballoon in tandem ended in an all toopredictable disaster.But even that well-publicized tragedy did nothing to dampenenthusiasm.Ascents continued to attractlarge crowds,and the risks only added tothe stature of professional aviators,severalof whom earned a good living by theirdisplays.The public's appetite for daringdeeds was insatiable until well into thenineteenth century,and it is only surprisingthat accidents (such as the one that led tothe death of the colourful MadameB","cbCaibKX2fgCQy8r","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibKX2fgCQy8r","pdf",4212084,3,1,"English","en",105,"# The ascent of man\n## Public demonstrations and early flights\n## Risks, accidents, and public enthusiasm\n# Review of Gillispie’s book\n## Accounts of invention and early aviation years\n## Scientific framing and historiographical debates","[{\"question\":\"What major milestones in ballooning are described for 1783–1784?\",\"answer\":\"The text notes the first public hot-air balloon demonstration in June 1783, a memorable flight staged for the king and queen at Versailles in September 1783, and the first untethered manned flight undertaken in November 1783.\"},{\"question\":\"How did early ballooning tragedies affect public interest?\",\"answer\":\"Despite well-publicized accidents, enthusiasm persisted. The text argues that crowds kept coming and that the risks helped reinforce the stature of professional aviators.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the review say about Gillispie’s approach to the history of aviation?\",\"answer\":\"The review credits Gillispie with a detailed, well-written account of the circumstances behind the Montgolfiers’ invention and the early heroic years of aviation in France, presenting the story through dramatic events and notable characters.\"}]",1783303759,{"code":4,"msg":29,"data":30},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":31,"title":13,"keywords":32,"description":14,"schema_data":33,"social_meta":83,"head_meta":85,"extra_data":87,"updated_unix":27},"montgolfier-brothers-and-the-invention-of-aviation-17831784","",{"@graph":34,"@context":82},[35,50,65],{"@type":36,"itemListElement":37},"BreadcrumbList",[38,42,45,47],{"item":39,"name":40,"@type":41,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":43,"name":44,"@type":41,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":46,"name":12,"@type":41,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",{"item":48,"name":13,"@type":41,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/montgolfier-brothers-and-the-invention-of-aviation-17831784/40143/",4,{"url":48,"name":13,"@type":51,"author":52,"headline":13,"publisher":54,"fileFormat":57,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":58,"datePublished":59,"encodingFormat":57,"isAccessibleForFree":60,"interactionStatistic":61},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":53},"Person",{"url":39,"name":55,"@type":56},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-13","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":62,"interactionType":63,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":64},"ViewAction",{"@type":66,"mainEntity":67},"FAQPage",[68,74,78],{"name":69,"@type":70,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What major milestones in ballooning are described for 1783–1784?","Question",{"text":72,"@type":73},"The text notes the first public hot-air balloon demonstration in June 1783, a memorable flight staged for the king and queen at Versailles in September 1783, and the first untethered manned flight undertaken in November 1783.","Answer",{"name":75,"@type":70,"acceptedAnswer":76},"How did early ballooning tragedies affect public interest?",{"text":77,"@type":73},"Despite well-publicized accidents, enthusiasm persisted. The text argues that crowds kept coming and that the risks helped reinforce the stature of professional aviators.",{"name":79,"@type":70,"acceptedAnswer":80},"What does the review say about Gillispie’s approach to the history of aviation?",{"text":81,"@type":73},"The review credits Gillispie with a detailed, well-written account of the circumstances behind the Montgolfiers’ invention and the early heroic years of aviation in France, presenting the story through dramatic events and notable characters.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":48,"og:type":84,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":55,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":86,"canonical":48},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":89},[90,94,97,101,106,111,116,121,126,129,133],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":44,"category_name":91,"show_sort_weight":92,"slug":93},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":44,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},80,"literature",{"id":49,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":44,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":44,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":44,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":44,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":44,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":122,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":44,"category_name":123,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":125},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":44,"category_name":127,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":128},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":130,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":44,"category_name":131,"show_sort_weight":130,"slug":132},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":134,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":44,"category_name":135,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":136},19,"General","general"]