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A retrospective analysis compared clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features between patients aged ≤40 and those >40 using 300 Saudi female cases diagnosed from 2017–2022. Younger patients showed more aggressive disease, higher Ki-67 and lymph node spread, more TNBC, and worse short-term survival. Advanced stage and TNBC independently increased mortality risk.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/molecular-subtypes-and-prognostic-biomarkers-of-breast-carcinoma-in-different-age-groups-findings-from-a-tertiary-care-hospital-in-saudi-arabia/352355/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/molecular-subtypes-and-prognostic-biomarkers-of-breast-carcinoma-in-different-age-groups-findings-from-a-tertiary-care-hospital-in-saudi-arabia/352355.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Liam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What was the main objective of the study?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The study aimed to compare clinicopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of breast cancer between two age groups in Saudi Arabia and assess prognostic relevance of key biomarkers.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were patients grouped in this retrospective study?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Patients were stratified into two age groups: aged ≤40 years and >40 years.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which findings distinguished the ≤40 age group from the >40 group?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Patients aged ≤40 years had significantly higher Ki-67 index and lymph node spread, higher rates of triple negative breast cancer, and poorer short-term survival, with advanced-stage and higher-grade aggressive features.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},352355,1790559274,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},8796095461564,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","| Original Article |  |\n| --- | --- |\n|  |  |\n| Molecular Subtypes and Prognostic Biomarkers of Breast Carcinoma in Different Age Groups: Findings from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Saudi Arabia\u003Cbr>Saima Aamir1,2, Nosheen Mahmood1,2, Nada A. Alhumrani2,3, Wateen A. Alshawi2,3, Layan A. Alyaeesh2,3, Aseel A. Alqarni2,3, Lubna A. Alagla2,3, Sadal G. Refae2,4\u003Cbr>1 Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 2 King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 3College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 4 Department of Oncology, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia |  |\n|  |  |\n| Abstract \u003Cbr>Background: Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer‑related deaths globally, with a rising incidence in Saudi Arabia. However, limited studies from Saudi Arabia have reported the molecular subtypes and prognostic biomarkers of breast cancer.\u003Cbr>Objectives: This study aimed at comparing the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of breast cancer among two age groups from Saudi Arabia.\u003Cbr>Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on Saudi female patients diagnosed with breast cancer between 2017 and 2022 at a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh. Patients were stratified into two age groups: aged ≤40 years and >40 years. Tumor size, grade, stage, and molecular subtypes were compared among these age groups.\u003Cbr>Results: The study comprised 300 females with breast cancer (mean age: 53.2 ± 12.6 years) . Majority of patients (54.3%) were postmenopausal. The most common tumor type overall was invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (84%) . In patients aged ≤40 years, most patients had T4 tumor size (39%) and were at an advanced stage (69.2%) . Compared with those aged >40 years, patients aged ≤40 years had significantly higher Ki‑67 index (P \u003C 0.001), lymph node spread (P = 0.009) and poor short‑term survival (P \u003C 0.024) . Luminal A tumors were more common in the older age group, while significantly higher proportion of young patients had triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) (P = 0.035) . Cox regression analysis demonstrated advanced stage (hazard ratio [HR]: 12.4; P = 0.002) and TNBC (HR: 11.9; P = 0.002) as factors that raised the risk of mortality compared to early stage and luminal A type, respectively.\u003Cbr>Conclusion: Breast cancer patients aged ≤40 years exhibited more aggressive clinicopathological features, including higher grade, advanced stage, triple negative receptor status, and poorer short‑term survival compared with patients aged >40 years.\u003Cbr>Keywords: Breast carcinoma, estrogen receptor, human epidermal growth receptor 2, progesterone receptor, triple negative breast cancer, Saudi Arabia |  |\n| Address for correspondence: Ms. Nada A. Alhumrani, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.\u003Cbr>E‑mail: [nadaalhumrani1@gmail.com](nadaalhumrani1@gmail.com)\u003Cbr>Submitted: 21‑Apr‑2025 Revised: 22‑Oct‑2025 Accepted: 23‑Oct‑2025 Published: 19‑Jan‑2026 |  |\n\n\n| Access this article online |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| Quick Response Code: | Website:\u003Cbr>[https://journals.lww.com/sjmm](https://journals.lww.com/sjmm) |\n| |  |\n|  | DOI:\u003Cbr>10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_328_25 |\n\n36 © 2026 Saudi Journal of Medicine & Medical Sciences | Published by Wolters Kluwer-Medknow  \nAamir, et al.: Prognostic biomarkers of breast carcinoma  \nINTRODUCTION  \nBreast carcinoma (BC) is one of the most frequently encountered malignancies across the globe.[1] According to the GLOBOCAN (Global Cancer Observatory) status report for 2020, female BC was the most often diagnosed tumor, accounting for more than 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), and was the most prevalent cause of cancer mortality.[2] A substantial rise in research publications related to BC has been witnessed over the last two decades in Saudi Arabia. [3] An alarming","cbCaim99eiK5AtBP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaim99eiK5AtBP","pdf",735850,"English","# Abstract\n## Background and objectives\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Introduction\n## Molecular subtypes and biomarkers\n## Study rationale\n# Methods","[{\"question\":\"What was the main objective of the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study aimed to compare clinicopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of breast cancer between two age groups in Saudi Arabia and assess prognostic relevance of key biomarkers.\"},{\"question\":\"How were patients grouped in this retrospective study?\",\"answer\":\"Patients were stratified into two age groups: aged ≤40 years and \\u003e40 years.\"},{\"question\":\"Which findings distinguished the ≤40 age group from the \\u003e40 group?\",\"answer\":\"Patients aged ≤40 years had significantly higher Ki-67 index and lymph node spread, higher rates of triple negative breast cancer, and poorer short-term survival, with advanced-stage and higher-grade aggressive features.\"}]","Molecular Subtypes and Prognostic Biomarkers of Breast Carcinoma in Different Age Groups: Findings from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Saudi Arabia | PDF",1790099154,18]