[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-657131-105":59,"doc-detail-657131-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","molecular-structures-and-models-laboratory-activity","MOLECULAR STRUCTURES AND MODELS - Laboratory activity","","MOLECULAR STRUCTURES AND MODELS outlines a chemistry laboratory activity using molecular model kits to clarify covalent bonding and molecular structure in three dimensions. It explains how models help visualize shapes, stereochemistry, hybridisation effects, isomerism, and 2-D conventions for 3-D molecules. The document also covers atom counting for equivalent groups, hydrogen deficiency index, and stereochemical nomenclature including chirality centers, enantiomers/diastereomers, symmetry planes, and meso compounds. It includes preparation guidance and assessment via an online Moodle graded activity.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/molecular-structures-and-models-laboratory-activity/657131/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/molecular-structures-and-models-laboratory-activity/657131.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Dusta123","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the goal of using molecular model kits in this experiment?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The activity uses molecular model kits to clarify theoretical concepts of covalent bonding and molecular structure by representing molecules in three dimensions and improving understanding of shapes and stereochemistry.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which topics are students expected to investigate during the lab?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Students investigate how hybridisation affects molecular shape, aspects of isomerism, 2-D representation conventions for 3-D molecules, atom counting for equivalent groups, hydrogen deficiency index, and detailed stereochemistry topics such as chirality, enantiomers/diastereomers, and symmetry.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How are the models intended to represent different bond types?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"A single short rigid bond represents a sigma (σ) bond, two curved pieces represent a double bond, and three curved pieces represent a triple bond.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},657131,1792974605,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},962093541925,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","MOLECULAR STRUCTURES AND MODELS  \nNOTE: No pre-laboratory quiz or summary is required for this experiment. However, before your scheduled laboratory session, you should start working through the content. The laboratory period will run more like a tutorial, it’s “open book”, you can work in groups and ask your TA about any of the concepts you don't understand or that you need further clarity on.  \nBRING YOUR MODEL KIT and a PRINTED COPY OF THIS DOCUMENT. Remember that model kits are allowed tools during CAL activities, assignments and examinations.  \nThis laboratory activity is assessed based on an online Moodle “molecular models” graded activity (50 min. time limit) that is to be completed by 6:30pm two days after your in-person laboratory session.  \nThis activity is essentially the same as one we have successfully used for many years to help students with the visualization of molecules and to learn how to use their model kits. Model kits are a tool that chemists will use to visualize and explain aspects of chemical structure. They are very useful for helping students develop the ability to visualize molecules in 3 dimensions (after all , very few molecules are actually flat) . Some students certainly struggle to grasp and manage this stereochemistry without the use of model kits (like the one shown below which it the type we typically recommend) . Since we regard model kits as a valuable tool, and a tool a chemist might use, for many years we have allowed model kits to be used during examinations. We also know that many students don’t really know how to use model kits correctly and effectively so this activity tries to show that while also exploring some to the topics related to stereochemistry that many students often struggle with. We always ask UofC Bookstore to stock model kits. While the kits might appear expensive, they are worth the investment to support your studies and can retain most of their resale value.  \nINTRODUCTION  \nThis experiment uses a molecular model kit to help address and clarify the theoretical concepts of covalent bonding and molecular structure. Molecular models are designed to reproduce molecular structures in three dimensions, allowing many subtle features concerning shapes of molecules (such as dipole moment, polarity, bond angle, and symmetry) to become clearer. Learning how to use a model kit correctly can help you to realise how they may be able to help you answer questions about molecular structure. Remember that you can use model kits during examinations and assignments to help you answer the questions we might ask.  \nAn important fundamental principle is that a molecule tends to position its atoms to give the arrangement with the lowest possible energy. This allows us to predict the shape of a molecule, and the subsequent physical and chemical properties to a very good approximation.  \nIn this laboratory period you will learn how to use your model kit to help answer questions and investigate:  \n􀁸 the implications of hybridisation on molecular shape  \n􀁸 aspects of isomerism  \n􀁸 conventions used in 2-D representations of 3-D molecules.  \n􀁸 counting types of atoms in a molecule (i.e. looking for equivalent groups , especially H and C)  \n􀁸 index of hydrogen deficiency  \n􀁸 chirality and chirality centers – R/S nomenclature  \n􀁸 Enantiomers and diastereomers – E/Z and cis/trans designation  \n􀁸 plane of symmetry, superimposable mirror images, enantiomers  \n􀁸 meso compounds  \nIn preparation you should review the following concepts and terms from 1st year chemistry, 351 lectures and / or tutorial materials:  \n􀁸 hybridisation and atomic orbital shape  \n􀁸 alkanes , functional groups , constitutional isomers , conformational isomers  \n􀁸 Newman projections ; eclipsed/staggered, anti/gauche , potential energy diagrams  \n􀁸 cis/trans , E/Z and R/S nomenclature  \n􀁸 the implications of hybridisation on shape  \n􀁸 structural flexibility  \n􀁸 conventions used in the two dimensional representation of molecules and ","cbCaijhN8qSEpney","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijhN8qSEpney","pdf",477841,18,"English","# Introduction\n## Learning objectives and concepts to review\n# Molecular Models\n## Purpose of 3-D models\n## Model kit components and bond representations\n## Isomers and the isomer tree","[{\"question\":\"What is the goal of using molecular model kits in this experiment?\",\"answer\":\"The activity uses molecular model kits to clarify theoretical concepts of covalent bonding and molecular structure by representing molecules in three dimensions and improving understanding of shapes and stereochemistry.\"},{\"question\":\"Which topics are students expected to investigate during the lab?\",\"answer\":\"Students investigate how hybridisation affects molecular shape, aspects of isomerism, 2-D representation conventions for 3-D molecules, atom counting for equivalent groups, hydrogen deficiency index, and detailed stereochemistry topics such as chirality, enantiomers/diastereomers, and symmetry.\"},{\"question\":\"How are the models intended to represent different bond types?\",\"answer\":\"A single short rigid bond represents a sigma (σ) bond, two curved pieces represent a double bond, and three curved pieces represent a triple bond.\"}]","MOLECULAR STRUCTURES AND MODELS - Laboratory activity | PDF",45]