[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-354677-105":59,"doc-detail-354677-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","molecular-mechanisms-and-immune-regulation-in-prostate-cancer-a-review","Molecular Mechanisms and Immune Regulation in Prostate Cancer - A Review","","Prostate cancer arises from a heterogeneous cell population with distinct biological properties that remodel the normal stromal microenvironment into a tumor-associated, immunosuppressive niche. Through cell contact and exosomes carrying DNA, RNA species, enzymes, chemokines, and cytokines, cancer cells promote matrix degradation, immune evasion, and premetastatic niche formation. Dissemination can occur before diagnosis, enabling dormancy and later metastatic awakening. The review links coordinated cellular and molecular mechanisms, highlighting microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, and discusses precision medical strategies to improve biochemical free survival.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/molecular-mechanisms-and-immune-regulation-in-prostate-cancer-a-review/354677/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/molecular-mechanisms-and-immune-regulation-in-prostate-cancer-a-review/354677.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"LangkahRina","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-26","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",21,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How do prostate cancer cells create an immunosuppressive environment?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"They transform the normal stromal microenvironment via cell-to-cell contact and exosomes containing DNA, RNA species, enzymes, chemokines, and cytokines, shifting the tissue toward tumor-associated immunosuppression.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What role do exosomes play in metastatic progression?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Exosomes enable dissemination through circulation, home to specific tissues such as bone, and help generate a premetastatic niche. They also alter host cells and contribute to formation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Why can prostate cancer evade curative therapy and later form metastases?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Cancer cells may disseminate before detection and escape immune pressure. After implanting in the premetastatic niche, they can enter latent dormancy for months or years before “awakening” to form metastases.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},354677,1790145550,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},962090893776,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Review  \nMolecular Mechanisms and Immune Regulation in Prostate Cancer: A Review  \nNigel P. Murray   \nAcademic Editor: Stergios Boussios  \nReceived: 20 May 2026  \nRevised: 26 July 2026  \nAccepted: 30 July 2026  \nPublished: 14 August 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \nHospital de Carabineros de Chile, Santiago 7630568, Chile; [pmurrayn@hoscar.cl](pmurrayn@hoscar.cl)  \nAbstract  \nProstate cancer is formed of a heterogeneous population of cancer cells with different biological properties. They initially form a small part of the normal stromal microenvironment but are able, through cell-to-cell contact and via exosomes, small nanoparticles containing DNA, mRNA, microRNA, long non-coding RNA, enzymes, and chemokinesand cytokines, to transform the normal stromal cells into tumour-associated cells to create an immunosuppressive environment as well as inhibit the antitumour immune response. Matrix metalloproteinases are able to degrade not only the basement membrane but also the extracellular matrix, allowing the exosomes to disseminate via the circulation. Exosomes are organotrophic, homing in to specific tissues such as bone. Here, they create the premetastatic niche devoid of cancer cells and cause an immunosuppressive environment, as well as induce changes in the host cells and produce myeloid-derived suppressor cells, of which some migrate to the primary tumour inhibiting the antitumour immune response further. Prostate cancer cells can disseminate even before the cancer is detected and thus escape curative therapy. If they survive the shear forces of the circulation and the antitumour immune response, they are able to implant in the premetastatic niche, transforming it into the metastatic niche. Here, they enter a latent state or dormancy period, which may last for months or years but later can “awake” to form metastasis. This review critically analyses the cellular and molecular mechanisms, which produce this process from cellular aspects to the signalling pathways responsible for this process. Multiple mechanisms are involved in a coordinated fashion to permit the survival of the cancer cells, from cellular changes in host cells and immunomodulation via chemokines and cytokines. It emphasizes the role of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in this process, and that patients with higher Gleason scores have a worse prognosis in terms of biochemical free survival at 10 years. Therefore, a precision medical approach may improve the biochemical free survival rate without affecting the role of the signalling pathways in normal cells. This includes the modulation of interleukin expression, elimination of exosomes, or the inhibition of important enzymes, such as MMP-2, thus mitigating the residual recurrence risk that persists with conventional therapy.  \nKeywords: prostate cancer; immunosuppression; exosomes; micrometastasis; dormancy  \n1. Introduction  \nIn 2016, 19% of all American men diagnosed with cancer had prostate cancer, of whom 9% died [1] . By 2025, this figure had risen to 30% of all male cancers, a yearly increase of 3%, with an estimated prostate cancer death of 35,770 in 2025 [2] . Prostate cancer isheterogenous in nature, with different subtypes of prostate cancer cells existing in the same  \nprimary tumour. It has been reported that cancer cells can be detected in circulation even before a diagnosis is made [3,4] . Prostate cancer can also be divided into different subtypes with different phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, and this may affect treatment decisions [5–7] . It is important to note that prostate cancer cells do not exist alone but forma small part of the normal stromal microenvironment (SME) .  \nIt is important to note that prostate cancer cells do not exist alone but form a small part of the normal stromal microenvironment (S","cbCaiks94ZksjOtG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiks94ZksjOtG","pdf",5035055,35,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction\n# 2. Material and Methods\n# 3. Prostate Cancer Cells","[{\"question\":\"How do prostate cancer cells create an immunosuppressive environment?\",\"answer\":\"They transform the normal stromal microenvironment via cell-to-cell contact and exosomes containing DNA, RNA species, enzymes, chemokines, and cytokines, shifting the tissue toward tumor-associated immunosuppression.\"},{\"question\":\"What role do exosomes play in metastatic progression?\",\"answer\":\"Exosomes enable dissemination through circulation, home to specific tissues such as bone, and help generate a premetastatic niche. They also alter host cells and contribute to formation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells.\"},{\"question\":\"Why can prostate cancer evade curative therapy and later form metastases?\",\"answer\":\"Cancer cells may disseminate before detection and escape immune pressure. After implanting in the premetastatic niche, they can enter latent dormancy for months or years before “awakening” to form metastases.\"}]","Molecular Mechanisms and Immune Regulation in Prostate Cancer - A Review | PDF",1790112906,88]