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Molecular Basis, Diagnostic Approaches, and Therapeutic Strategies in Colorectal Cancer—Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 9520 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)ijms26199520  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Applied Chemistry, Casimir Pulaski Radom University, Street Chrobrego 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland  \n2 Department of Health Sciences and Physical Culture, Casimir Pulaski Radom University, Street Chrobrego 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland; [a.el-mallul@urad.edu.pl](a.el-mallul@urad.edu.pl) (A.E.-M.); [asia.majewska13@gmail.com](asia.majewska13@gmail.com) (J.E.L.); [weronika.hudecka@gmail.com](weronika.hudecka@gmail.com) (W.H.); [sara.orlowska17@gmail.com](sara.orlowska17@gmail.com) (S.M.O.); [bednarczyk.lukasz21@gmail.com](bednarczyk.lukasz21@gmail.com) (Ł.B.)  \n3 Specialist Hospital Named Dr Tytus Chalbinski, 1 Adolfa Tochtermana Street, 26-600 Radom, Poland; [piotrlubojanski@gmail.com](piotrlubojanski@gmail.com)  \n* [Correspondence: m.kowalska@urad.edu.pl](Correspondence: m.kowalska@urad.edu.pl)  \nAbstract  \nThis review covers issues related to the characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) . It discusses traditional methods of treating colorectal cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, as well as modern approaches, including targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and innovative gene therapy strategies. Particular attention is paid to the identification of molecular subtypes of CRC, which has revolutionized treatment in advanced stages of the disease and contributed to improved patient survival. The role of biomarkers, including liquid biopsy, in diagnosis, therapy monitoring, and treatment response assessment is emphasized. The potential of artificial intelligence in planning and optimizing surgical procedures is also discussed, opening up new possibilities in personalized therapy. This article provides up-to-date knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of CRC, diagnostic prospects, and directions for the development of precision therapies, serving as a valuable source of information for both clinicians involved in the treatment of CRC and patients wishing to deepen their knowledge of the disease and modern therapeutic options.  \nKeywords: colorectal cancer; carcinogenesis; mutations; molecular mechanisms; biomarkers; targeted therapies  \n1. Introduction  \nCancer is one of the greatest challenges facing modern medicine. Among cancer types, colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks high in terms of incidence and mortality. CRC accounts for approximately 10% of cancer deaths worldwide and, despite numerous preventive measures, remains a significant clinical challenge. Despite significant advances in diagnosis, systemic treatment, and surgery, the mortality rate of CRC patients remains high [1,2] . For along time, CRC treatment was based on traditional methods such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, in recent decades, thanks to the intensive development of molecular biology, knowledge and understanding of this disease has changed radically. ","cbCaig6rJ5sYcg29","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaig6rJ5sYcg29","pdf",1100318,29,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Epidemiological Data, Determinants, and Geographic and Demographic Variation in CRC\n## Prognosis and stage at diagnosis\n## Survival rates and the importance of early detection","[{\"question\":\"What scope does the review cover regarding colorectal cancer?\",\"answer\":\"It covers CRC molecular characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment, comparing traditional approaches with modern targeted, immunotherapeutic, and gene-therapy strategies.\"},{\"question\":\"How do molecular subtypes and biomarkers influence CRC management?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights that molecular subtype identification improves treatment in advanced stages and emphasizes biomarkers, including liquid biopsy, for diagnosis, therapy monitoring, and response assessment.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does artificial intelligence play in the document’s discussion?\",\"answer\":\"It discusses the potential of artificial intelligence for planning and optimizing surgical procedures, supporting more personalized therapy directions.\"}]","Molecular Basis, Diagnostic Approaches, and Therapeutic Strategies in Colorectal Cancer - Comprehensive Review | PDF",1790166905,73]