[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-656896-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":80,"doc-detail-656896-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":73,"head_meta":75,"extra_data":77,"updated_unix":79},105,"en","module-2-ac-circuits-alternating-current-basics","Module 2 - A.C. Circuits - Alternating Current Basics","","Module 2 explains Alternating Current (A.C.) and contrasts it with Direct Current (D.C.) by describing electron flow direction and periodic reversal of charge. It covers why A.C. is used in homes, including transformer-based voltage conversion and AC transmission over long distances with step-up/step-down levels. The notes introduce sinusoidal quantities and core definitions such as cycle, alternation, time period, frequency, and amplitude. It further derives and compares peak, average, and RMS (effective) values, and includes formula-based results for sinusoidal current, along with form factor and peak factor, plus phasor representation concepts.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technology/","Technology",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/module-2-ac-circuits-alternating-current-basics/656896/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/module-2-ac-circuits-alternating-current-basics/656896.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"mieayamfan","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-10-25",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":33},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What is the key difference between AC and DC?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"In DC, electric charge flows in one direction. In AC, the flow periodically reverses direction, changing as the current alternates forward and backward.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"Why is AC used in homes and for long-distance transmission?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"AC voltage can be stepped up and stepped down using transformers, enabling efficient transmission over long distances. The notes mention stepping up to around 400 kV and stepping down to household levels such as 400/230 V.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"How do peak, average, and RMS values differ for AC?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"Peak value is the maximum instantaneous value. Average value depends on the waveform definition over time and for symmetrical sinusoidal waves over a full cycle is zero. RMS (effective) value represents the equivalent heating effect in a resistor; for pure sinusoidal current it is given as Irms = 0.707 Im.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},656896,1793051732,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,104,109,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":88,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},6,50,"technology",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":131},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":101,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":33,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090893677,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Module 2  \nA.C. Circuits  \nThe flow of electricity can be done in two ways like AC (alternating current) and DC (direct current). Electricity can be defined as the flow of electrons throughout a conductor such as a wire. The main disparity among AC & DC mainly lies within the direction where the electrons supplies. In direct current, the flow of electrons will be in a single direction & in the alternating current; the flow of electrons will change their directions like going forward & then going backward.  \n• In Alternating current, movement of electric charge periodically reverses its direction.  \n• Whereas in DC, flow of electric charge is only in one direction.  \nWhy we use A.C. in homes  \n• AC voltage is capable of converting voltage levels just with use of transformers.  \n– To transmit AC over a long distance, voltage is stepped up to 400 KV at generating stations and stepped down at a low level , 400/230 V for household and commercial utilization.  \n– AC motors are simple in construction, more efficient and robust as compared to DC motors.  \nSinusoidal Alternating Quantity:  \nAlternating quantity that varies according to sin of angle 􀁔 .  \nThe instantaneous value of a sine-wave voltage for any angle of rotation is expressed in the formula:  \nV= Vm sin 􀁔  \n􀁔 is the angle  \nVm = the maximum voltage value  \nV = the instantaneous value of voltage at angle 􀁔  \nTerms to know  \n1. Cycle: When an Alternating qty goes through complete set of positive and negative values or goes through 360 electrical degrees.  \n2. Alternation: One half cycle  \n3. Time Period: Time taken to complete one cycle by AC.  \n4. Frequency: No of cycle made per second.  \n5. Amplitude: Maximum value attained by an alternating quantity in one cycle and also called Peak Value / Max. Value  \nPeak and RMS Values  \nThe magnitude of alternating quatity can be expressed in three ways:  \n1 Peak Value  \n2 Average Value  \n3 Effective or rms value  \nPeak Value:  \nThe maximum value attained by an alternating quantity during oone cycle is called peak value. This is also called maximum value or amplitude. The peak of an alternating voltage or current is represented by Vm and Im  \nAverage Value:  \nThe average value of a periodic waveform whether it is a sine wave, square wave or triangular waveform is defined as: “the quotient of the area under the waveform with respect to time”. In other words, the averaging of all the instantaneous values along time axis with time being one full period,(T) .  \nFor symmetrical waves like sinusoidal current or voltage waveform, the positive half cycle will be exactly equal to negative half cycle. Therefore, the average value over a complete cycle will be zero. The work is done by both, positive and negative cycle and hence the average value is determined without considering the signs.So, the only positive half cycle is considered to determine the average value of alternating quantities of sinusoidal waves.  \nDivide the positive half cycle into (n) number of equal parts as shown in the above figure Let i 1, i2, i3   in be the mid ordinates  \nThe Average value of current Iav = mean of the mid ordinates  \n\n| Derivation for average value of sinusoidal current:\u003Cbr>Let us consider a sinusoidal current i = ImSinωt as shown in the figure below. We will calculate its average value for one time period ωt = π from the definition of average value of alternating\u003Cbr>|  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| current.\u003Cbr>Area of alternation = |  | 􀟨\u003Cbr>0 | |  |\n| = 􀟨0\u003Cbr>= Im\u003Cbr>= Im\u003Cbr>= Im | Im 􀝏􀝅􀝊 􀝓􀝐 􀝀 (􀝓􀝐) |  |  |  |\n|  | 􀟨\u003Cbr>0 | 􀝏􀝅􀝊 􀝓􀝐 􀝀 (􀝓􀝐) |  |  |\n|  | −cos 􀝓􀝐−(−1 − 1) |  |  | Π\u003Cbr>0 |\n| = 2Im Base = π\u003Cbr>Therefore, Average value of sinusoidal current = 2􀜫􀝉 􀟨 |  |  |  |  |\n\nEffective or RMS Value:  \n\"RMS\" stands for \"Root-Mean-Squared\", also called the effective or heating value of alternating current, which would provide the same amount of heat generation in a resistor as the AC voltage would if applied to that same resistor.  \nThat stead","cbCaihqEYTBaXp8c","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihqEYTBaXp8c","pdf",717147,41,"English","# Module 2 - A.C. Circuits\n## AC vs DC\n## Why A.C. is used in homes\n## Sinusoidal alternating quantity\n## Terms to know\n## Peak, average, and RMS values\n## Form factor and peak factor\n## Phasor representation","[{\"question\":\"What is the key difference between AC and DC?\",\"answer\":\"In DC, electric charge flows in one direction. In AC, the flow periodically reverses direction, changing as the current alternates forward and backward.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is AC used in homes and for long-distance transmission?\",\"answer\":\"AC voltage can be stepped up and stepped down using transformers, enabling efficient transmission over long distances. The notes mention stepping up to around 400 kV and stepping down to household levels such as 400/230 V.\"},{\"question\":\"How do peak, average, and RMS values differ for AC?\",\"answer\":\"Peak value is the maximum instantaneous value. Average value depends on the waveform definition over time and for symmetrical sinusoidal waves over a full cycle is zero. RMS (effective) value represents the equivalent heating effect in a resistor; for pure sinusoidal current it is given as Irms = 0.707 Im.\"}]","Module 2 - A.C. Circuits - Alternating Current Basics | PDF",1792971351,103]