[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-460685-105":59,"doc-detail-460685-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","modulatory-effects-of-paraquat-tolerant-cyanobacteria-on-herbicide-toxicity-in-rice-seedlings","Modulatory effects of paraquat-tolerant cyanobacteria on herbicide toxicity in rice seedlings","","Herbicide application in rice fields requires understanding impacts on non-target organisms, especially cyanobacteria that function as primary ecosystem producers. This study tested commercial paraquat and butachlor formulations on the paraquat-tolerant cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. N1, assessing herbicide-specific toxicity and its effects on rice seedling growth. Acute responses were compared using EC50 values, then 7-day germination and 21-day pot experiments evaluated mitigating or synergistic interactions, showing herbicide-dependent outcomes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/modulatory-effects-of-paraquat-tolerant-cyanobacteria-on-herbicide-toxicity-in-rice-seedlings/460685/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/modulatory-effects-of-paraquat-tolerant-cyanobacteria-on-herbicide-toxicity-in-rice-seedlings/460685.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Maya Linwood","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How did paraquat and butachlor differ in toxicity to Nostoc sp. N1?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Paraquat showed significantly higher toxicity to Nostoc sp. N1 than butachlor, based on EC50 values reported in the study.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What was the effect of Nostoc sp. N1 on rice seedlings exposed to paraquat?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Nostoc sp. N1 acted as a mitigating agent against paraquat, providing dose-dependent protection in germination tests and restoring multiple physical and biochemical parameters in longer experiments.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Did Nostoc sp. N1 always help under herbicide stress?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"No. Nostoc sp. N1 exhibited a negative synergistic interaction with butachlor, with enhanced toxicity at all concentrations and only partial mitigation after extended exposure.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},460685,1791504288,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962084928432,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Journal of Ecological Engineering  \nJournal of Ecological Engineering, 2026, 27(4), 258–271 [https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/214996](https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/214996)  \nISSN 2299–8993, License CC-BY 4.0  \nReceived: 2025.12.01  \nAccepted: 2026.02.18  \nPublished: 2026.03.01  \nModulatory effects of paraquat-tolerant cyanobacteria on herbicide toxicity in rice seedlings  \nNeti Ngearnpat 1, SuwakanTansai2, Narong Wongkantrakorn3,  \nPiyamat Srirat4, Kritchaya Issakul2*  \n1 Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, 19 M. 2, T. MaeKa, A. Muang, Phayao 56000, Thailand  \n2 School of Energy and Environment, University of Phayao, 19 M. 2, T. MaeKa, A. Muang, Phayao 56000, Thailand  \n3 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand  \n4 Division of Biology, Department of Science and Bioinnovation, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen campus, 1 M.6, T. Kamphaeng Saen, A. Kamphaeng Saen, Nakorn Pathom, 73140, Thailand  \n* Corresponding author’[s email: Kissakul@gmail.com](s email: Kissakul@gmail.com)  \nABSTRACT  \nThe application of herbicides in rice fields necessitates an understanding of their effects on non-target organisms, particularly cyanobacteria, which serve as primary producers in the ecosystem. This study examined the impact of commercial paraquat and butachlor formulations on the paraquat-tolerant cyanobacterium, Nostoc sp. N1 and its intricate interactions during the growth of rice seedlings. The research evaluated the acute toxic response of Nostoc sp. N1 to herbicides, subsequently conducting 7 day germination and 21 day pot experiments to determine the mitigating or synergistic effects of Nostoc sp. N1 in simultaneously exposed rice seedlings. Initially, the study evaluated baseline toxicity, demonstrating that paraquat (median inhibitory concentrations EC50= 0.241 mg L-1) exhibited significantly higher toxicity to Nostoc sp. N1 than butachlor (EC50= 2.074 mg L-1). Subsequent physiological assays revealed two significant and opposing results. First, Nostoc sp. N1 responded differently to the herbicides; paraquat caused dose-dependent inhibition of growth, chlorophyll-a, and phycocyanin, whereas butachlor improved biomass accumulation and chlorophyll-a production, while only concurrently reducing the phycocyanin content at high doses. Second, differential responses resulted in contrasting findings in rice seedlings. Specifically, Nostoc sp. N1 demonstrated efficacy as a mitigating agent against paraquat, showing dose-dependent protection in the 7 day germination assay and providing complete defense in the 21 day experiment by restoring various physical and biochemical parameters. In contrast, Nostoc sp. N1 demonstrated a significant synergistic negative effect with butachlorin the 7 day assay, significantly enhancing its toxicity at all concentrations. This developed in the 21 day experiment into only partial mitigation, in which Nostoc sp. N1 restored biochemical stress indicators (such as amino acids) but did not recover physical growth. Based on these results, cyanobacterial bio-inoculants might not be uniformly advantageous and their use should be herbicide-specific. Although Nostoc sp. N1 is a potential agent for paraquat bioremediation, its incompatible interaction with butachlor could inadvertently accelerate crop damage.  \nKeywords: herbicide toxicity, Nostoc sp., bioremediation, synergistic toxicity, Oryza sativa  \nINTRODUCTION  \nThe cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is essential for the global food security of more than one-half of the world’s population, as it is the primary staple diet. In conventional rice cultivation systems, chemical herbicides are essential for the  \nmanagement of weeds, because ignoring them can lead to substantial production losses (Brar et al., 2025) . Non-selective contact herbicides like paraquat and select","cbCaimeMuTOCJO06","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimeMuTOCJO06","pdf",2727150,14,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Herbicide role in rice cultivation\n## Environmental persistence and ecological risk\n## Role of diazotrophic cyanobacteria in paddy ecosystems\n## Purpose and rationale for studying Nostoc sp. N1","[{\"question\":\"How did paraquat and butachlor differ in toxicity to Nostoc sp. N1?\",\"answer\":\"Paraquat showed significantly higher toxicity to Nostoc sp. N1 than butachlor, based on EC50 values reported in the study.\"},{\"question\":\"What was the effect of Nostoc sp. N1 on rice seedlings exposed to paraquat?\",\"answer\":\"Nostoc sp. N1 acted as a mitigating agent against paraquat, providing dose-dependent protection in germination tests and restoring multiple physical and biochemical parameters in longer experiments.\"},{\"question\":\"Did Nostoc sp. N1 always help under herbicide stress?\",\"answer\":\"No. Nostoc sp. N1 exhibited a negative synergistic interaction with butachlor, with enhanced toxicity at all concentrations and only partial mitigation after extended exposure.\"}]","Modulatory effects of paraquat-tolerant cyanobacteria on herbicide toxicity in rice seedlings | PDF",1790759101,35]