[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-detail-457704-en":59,"doc-seo-457704-105":81},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":60},{"doc_id":61,"user_id":62,"nickname":63,"user_avatar":64,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":66,"doc_content":67,"file_id":68,"file_url":69,"file_type":70,"file_size":71,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":72,"language":73,"language_code":74,"site_id":75,"html_lang":74,"table_of_contents":76,"faqs":77,"seo_title":78,"seo_description":66,"update_tm":79,"read_time":80},457704,962090760832,"A glass of water","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Modulating tumor interstitial fluid pressure using ultrasound and microbubble therapy - a preclinical study for enhanced drug delivery in cancer treatment","Tumor microenvironment conditions often obstruct effective cancer therapy, and elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) is a major barrier to drug penetration. This preclinical study maps IFP distribution in VX2 tumors and evaluates ultrasound-mediated microbubble (USMB) treatment to lower IFP for improved delivery. Using wick-in-needle measurements and contrast-enhanced ultrasound, the work analyzes how varying ultrasound pressures alter IFP variability, tumor perfusion, and tissue injury.","Chen et al. BMC Cancer (2026) 26:40 BMC Cancer  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-15218-1](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-15218-1)  \nRESEARCH Open Access  \nModulating tumor interstitial fluid pressure  using ultrasound and microbubble therapy: a preclinical study for enhanced drug delivery in cancer treatment  \nLiping Chen 1, Jianhua Liu 1*, Qiaoli Chen 1, Yucai Li 1, Yangcheng He 1, Hai Jin 1, Danxia Qiu 1, Yuyi Feng 1, Fen Xi 1, Suihong Ma 1 and Zhiwen Hu 1*  \nAbstract  \nObjective The tumor microenvironment (TME) often hinders effective cancer treatment, where elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) acts as a key barrier to drug penetration. This study investigates the distribution of IFP in VX2 tumors and the effect of ultrasound-mediated microbubble (USMB) therapy on reducing IFP to improve drug delivery. Methods Following approval from the Animal Ethics Committee of the South China University of Technology and adhering to NIH animal care guidelines, forty-one healthy female New Zealand White rabbits with VX2 tumors underwent USMB therapy at varying ultrasound pressures (1 MPa, 2 MPa, 3 MPa, and 5 MPa) . IFP measurements across different tumor regions were performed pre-and post-treatment using the wick-in-needle (WIN) method to assess IFP variability and distribution. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) was used to evaluate changes in tumor perfusion associated with USMB treatment.  \nResults Significant regional differences in tumor IFP were observed, with the central region (23 .79 ± 8.07 mmHg) markedly higher than the peripheral 1/2 (15 .58 ± 5.22 mmHg) and peripheral 1/4 regions (8 .29 ± 3.47 mmHg) . After treatment, 3 MPa and 5 MPa ultrasound pressures significantly reduced IFP in the central region to 18.05 ± 8.1 mmHg and 14.69 ± 4.72 mmHg, respectively. Histological analysis showed that higher pressures caused greater tumor cell and vascular damage, with extensive necrosis and vascular disruption in the central tumor area at 3 MPa and 5 MPa, demonstrating the impact of USMB therapy on the tumor microenvironment.  \nConclusion USMB therapy reduces IFP in solid tumors. At 2 MPa, IFP reduction occurs with minimal perfusion change, potentially favoring drug delivery. In contrast, higher pressures (3–5 MPa) also lower IFP but markedly decrease perfusion through vascular disruption, which may hinder drug transport. These findings highlight the need to adjust ultrasound parameters based on regional IFP distribution and to balance IFP reduction with perfusion preservation to optimize treatment outcomes.  \n*Correspondence: Jianhua Liu [eyliujianhua@scut.edu.cn](eyliujianhua@scut.edu.cn)[ ](eyliujianhua@scut.edu.cn)Zhiwen Hu[eyhzw@scut.edu.cn](eyhzw@scut.edu.cn)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \n© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creati](http://creati)[vecommons.org/l](vecommons.org/l)icenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.  \nHighlights  \n1. This study reports that ultrasound combined with microbubble therapy significantly reduces solid tumors'i","cbCaid5H34jctYSA","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaid5H34jctYSA","pdf",5255851,18,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Materials and Methods\n## IFP measurement\n## Contrast-enhanced ultrasound\n# Results\n## IFP distribution and reduction\n## Perfusion and histology\n# Conclusion\n# Highlights\n# Keywords","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the study address in cancer treatment?\",\"answer\":\"The study targets tumor microenvironment barriers, especially elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), which limits drug penetration and reduces treatment effectiveness.\"},{\"question\":\"How was IFP measured in the VX2 tumor model?\",\"answer\":\"IFP across tumor regions was measured before and after treatment using the wick-in-needle (WIN) method to evaluate variability and distribution.\"},{\"question\":\"What ultrasound pressure levels were tested, and what were the main effects?\",\"answer\":\"USMB therapy was tested at 1, 2, 3, and 5 MPa. After treatment, 3 MPa and 5 MPa significantly reduced central-region IFP, while 2 MPa reduced IFP with minimal perfusion change.\"}]","Modulating tumor interstitial fluid pressure using ultrasound and microbubble therapy - a preclinical study for enhanced drug delivery in cancer treatment | PDF",1790750201,45,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"ok",{"site_id":75,"language":74,"slug":84,"title":65,"keywords":85,"description":66,"schema_data":86,"social_meta":140,"head_meta":142,"extra_data":144,"updated_unix":145},"modulating-tumor-interstitial-fluid-pressure-using-ultrasound-and-microbubble-therapy-a-preclinical-study-for-enhanced-drug-delivery-in-cancer-treatment","",{"@graph":87,"@context":139},[88,102,122],{"@type":89,"itemListElement":90},"BreadcrumbList",[91,95,97,100],{"item":92,"name":93,"@type":94,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":96,"name":9,"@type":94,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":98,"name":40,"@type":94,"position":99},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":101,"name":65,"@type":94,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/modulating-tumor-interstitial-fluid-pressure-using-ultrasound-and-microbubble-therapy-a-preclinical-study-for-enhanced-drug-delivery-in-cancer-treatment/457704/",{"url":101,"name":65,"@type":103,"image":104,"author":109,"headline":65,"publisher":111,"fileFormat":114,"inLanguage":74,"description":66,"dateModified":115,"datePublished":116,"encodingFormat":114,"isAccessibleForFree":117,"interactionStatistic":118},"DigitalDocument",{"url":105,"@type":106,"width":107,"height":108},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/modulating-tumor-interstitial-fluid-pressure-using-ultrasound-and-microbubble-therapy-a-preclinical-study-for-enhanced-drug-delivery-in-cancer-treatment/457704.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":63,"@type":110},"Person",{"url":92,"name":112,"@type":113},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-08","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":119,"interactionType":120,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":121},"ViewAction",{"@type":123,"mainEntity":124},"FAQPage",[125,131,135],{"name":126,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":128},"What problem does the study address in cancer treatment?","Question",{"text":129,"@type":130},"The study targets tumor microenvironment barriers, especially elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP), which limits drug penetration and reduces treatment effectiveness.","Answer",{"name":132,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":133},"How was IFP measured in the VX2 tumor model?",{"text":134,"@type":130},"IFP across tumor regions was measured before and after treatment using the wick-in-needle (WIN) method to evaluate variability and distribution.",{"name":136,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":137},"What ultrasound pressure levels were tested, and what were the main effects?",{"text":138,"@type":130},"USMB therapy was tested at 1, 2, 3, and 5 MPa. After treatment, 3 MPa and 5 MPa significantly reduced central-region IFP, while 2 MPa reduced IFP with minimal perfusion change.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":101,"og:type":141,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":112,"og:description":66},"article",{"robots":143,"canonical":101},"index,follow",{"doc_id":61,"site_id":75},1790859824]