[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-332477-105":59,"doc-detail-332477-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","modeling-tumors-as-complex-ecosystems-perspective","Modeling tumors as complex ecosystems - Perspective","","Many cancers resist therapeutic intervention because intratumor heterogeneity creates multiple coexisting cell populations with distinct phenotypic signatures within tumors and their metastases. Cancer populations are linked through ecological interactions, yet most tumor-ecology models fail to represent phenotypic diversity or predict its effects. The paper proposes a generalized Lotka-Volterra (GLV) framework to model heterogeneous tumor ecology and explains emerging model properties. It also outlines extensions for phenotypic plasticity, cancer-immune interactions, metastatic growth, and future research directions in cancer ecology.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/modeling-tumors-as-complex-ecosystems-perspective/332477/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/modeling-tumors-as-complex-ecosystems-perspective/332477.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Levi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-13","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",16,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why do many cancers resist therapeutic intervention?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Resistance is linked to intratumor heterogeneity, where multiple cell populations with different phenotypic signatures coexist in tumors and metastases.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What modeling framework is proposed for heterogeneous tumors?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The paper proposes using the generalized Lotka-Volterra (GLV) model, a tool for species-rich ecological communities, to represent tumor ecology under heterogeneity.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How does the work extend beyond basic tumor-growth modeling?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"It discusses how GLV model properties can support new understanding of the disease and outlines extensions for phenotypic plasticity, cancer-immune interactions, and metastatic growth.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},332477,1790143297,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},7971461740909,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","iScience  \nll  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nPerspective  \nModeling tumors as complex ecosystems  \nGuim Aguade´-Gorgorio´, 1,* Alexander R.A. Anderson,2,* and Ricard Sole´3,4,*  \nSUMMARY  \nMany cancers resist therapeutic intervention. This is fundamentally related to intratumor heterogeneity: multiple cell populations, each with different phenotypic signatures, coexist within a tumor and its metastases. Like species inan ecosystem, cancer populations are intertwined in a complex network of ecological interactions. Most mathematical models of tumor ecology, however, cannot account for such phenotypic diversity or predict its consequences. Here, we propose that the generalized Lotka-Volterra model (GLV), a standard tool to describe species-rich ecological communities, provides a suitable framework to model the ecology of heterogeneous tumors. We develop a GLV model of tumor growth and discuss how its emerging properties provide a new understanding of the disease. We discuss potential extensions of the model and their application to phenotypic plasticity, cancer-immune interactions, and metastatic growth. Our work outlines a set of questions and a road map for further research in cancer ecology.  \nINTRODUCTION  \nOver the past few decades, a convergence of clinical, experimental, and theoretical cancer research has illuminated the intricate nature of cancer as an ecological, evolutionary, and developmental phenomenon.1–5 This conceptual framework has provided oncologists with a well-established set of methods and tools from these disciplines, advancing our comprehension of cancer progression and treatment strategies.  \nThe way cancer populations avoid different selection barriers (from physical constraints on the tissue level to immune-related attacks) can be understood as a combination of ecological and evolutionary processes. Much has been written about the latter: well-defined evolutionary events usually punctuate the path toward a malignant tumor. However, the ways these events unfold in time are mediated by ecological change. Once a given barrier is surpassed, new ecological interactions are set in motion and population dynamics determines the outcome of the new context. Ecology is, therefore, at the heart of the many scales relevant to tumorigenesis and cancer treatment, from the growth dynamics of novel phenotypes to the emergence of angiogenic or metastatic properties (Figure 1) .3,6–9 This cancer ecology framework has even prompted recent advances in cancer therapy, including the understanding of competitive release and its role in adaptive therapy10 and the unraveling of the complex web of interactions between tumors and the immune system.11  \nMathematical models of cancer ecology provide us with an explanatory framework that offers both qualitative understanding of the underlying mechanisms as well as potential predictive power.21 By exposing the logic of cancer population dynamics, models can help explain how and why therapies succeed or fail. These models have been traditionally built as coarse-grained descriptions of cell populations, often reducing them to more or less homogeneous compartments. Their simplicity allows for a full understanding of their implications, providing a descriptive link between the ecological rules at play and the growth of the tumor3, 16,22–24 (Figure 1D) . In some cases, the tumor is represented as a single population of cancer cells.16 Later extensions incorporated the interactions between the cancer population and a second compartment, from healthy tissue to the immune system. These two-dimensional models have successfully illuminated crucial aspects of the nonlinearities involved.23,25–27 However, the improvement in our understanding of the richness of tumor diversity has led to the realization that cancer population dynamics makes sense under a community ecology picture.28 Intratumor heterogeneity pervades cancerous genomes, phenotypic properties, and cellular types. This multiscale diversity dictates ","cbCaikNIAlgK8rs4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikNIAlgK8rs4","pdf",3917983,18,"English","# Summary\n# Introduction\n## Tumor as an ecological and evolutionary system\n## Mathematical models of tumor ecology\n## Toward community ecology and emerging phenotypes","[{\"question\":\"Why do many cancers resist therapeutic intervention?\",\"answer\":\"Resistance is linked to intratumor heterogeneity, where multiple cell populations with different phenotypic signatures coexist in tumors and metastases.\"},{\"question\":\"What modeling framework is proposed for heterogeneous tumors?\",\"answer\":\"The paper proposes using the generalized Lotka-Volterra (GLV) model, a tool for species-rich ecological communities, to represent tumor ecology under heterogeneity.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the work extend beyond basic tumor-growth modeling?\",\"answer\":\"It discusses how GLV model properties can support new understanding of the disease and outlines extensions for phenotypic plasticity, cancer-immune interactions, and metastatic growth.\"}]","Modeling tumors as complex ecosystems - Perspective | PDF",1789998386,45]