[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-85046-en":3,"doc-seo-85046-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},85046,1099514067415,"Rowan","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539d78ffe74a7?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779092875211072502",8,"Research & Report","Modeling Stakeholders and Lifecycle Requirements of Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Systems","Renewable energy growth highlights the need for sustainable generation that preserves an unpolluted, livable environment for future generations. This work examines marine hydrokinetic energy, outlining key technology types and the role of water motion in producing electricity through hydrokinetic turbines. It identifies commercial and regulatory challenges, including environmental impacts and stakeholder acceptance, and presents a structured systems engineering approach. Using SysML and TRL-based planning, it links stakeholder viewpoints to system requirements from early concept through detailed design and marketization.","MODELING STAKEHOLDERS AND LIFECYCLE REQUIREMENTS OF MARINE  \nHYDROKINETIC ENERGY SYSTEMS  \nDaniel R. Herber  \nAssociate Professor  \nSystems Engineering  \nColorado State University  \nFort Collins, CO 80523  \n[daniel.herber@colostate.edu](daniel.herber@colostate.edu)  \n1 INTRODUCTION  \nIn 2025, renewable energy sources (including wind, hydroelectric, solar, biomass, and geothermal energy) generated a record 1 TWhof electricity, or about 26 percent of all the electricity generated in the United States [1] . Much of the electrical energy generated today comes from fossil fuels, which are limited and decreasing every day [2] . A key concern is ensuring the sustainable existence and leaving an unpolluted, livable environment for future generations. As such, concerned stakeholders are considering alternative energy sources. A potential energy source that is renewable and has minimal environmental impact is then desirable [3] .  \nOne alternative energy technology area is marine hydrokinetic systems. There are five main types of marine hydrokinetic energy technologies: ocean wave, tidal stream, river, ocean current, and ocean thermal [4] . Flow is an essential concept of this water power, and there are mainly two methods of extracting energy from water. The classical method is to build a dam to create a static head. This other method is extracting energy from different water motions, such as tidal, ocean, river, and irrigation canals. Water motion provides a renewable energy option with a possibility of a continuous or periodic supply. Compared to other renewable energy sources, marine hydrokinetic energy can be more predictable, more constant, and have a lower visual and environmental impact. Most significantly, hydrokinetic energy has a very high energy intensity, as the kinetic energy of water motion is converted to mechanical power that rotates a generator to produce electricity. The working principle of hydrokinetic turbines from water currents is shown in Figure 1.  \n1 Copyright © 2026 by ASME  \nFIGURE 1 : The working principle of a marine hydrokinetic system  \nThis principle is similar to that of a wind turbine. The concept is not new and has been investigated by many researchers since 1979 . The studies in the beginning phase were at a small scale. In the 1990’s, a new idea of utilizing water current turbine (WCT) for large-scale systems emerged [5] . Wave energy technology development has not yet delivered the desired commercial maturity or, more importantly, the techno-economic performance needed to penetrate the electric utility marketplace. Both commercial readiness and market viability are required for successful entry and survival in the energy market [6] . Challenges in developing commercial hydrokinetic systems include determining the technological, operational, and economic viability of the devices, meeting permitting requirements, and gaining stakeholder acceptance. For example, hydrokinetic technology can be affected by debris, sediment, frazil, surface ice, and the interaction of turbine operations with fish and marine mammals in their habitat.  \nThe question of how device operations impact the aquatic environment is one of the major issues that will determine stakeholder views and permitting agency approval of this new technology [7] . Some prior research in this area has experienced device failures and considerable investment losses over the years. To standardize the ad-hoc approach to marine hydrokinetic system development that led to divergence in technology, slow rate of development, as well as device failures and investment losses, an International Structured Development Plan was established by the International Energy Agency-Ocean Energy Systems (IEAOES) group [8] . This plan incorporates Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) into a five-stage approach, which sets out the requirements for a marine hydrokinetic system concept to achieve commercialization. Figure 2 shows the 5-step TRL approach.  \nTherefore, as al","cbCaifbSgFW7pRQ9","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifbSgFW7pRQ9","pdf",3855239,1,11,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Methodology\n## Identifying quality attributes and stakeholders\n## Gathering stakeholder viewpoints\n## Collecting system requirements\n# Stakeholder analysis and requirements\n# System requirements and design decisions\n# Summary and future steps","[{\"question\":\"What marine hydrokinetic energy technology types are discussed?\",\"answer\":\"The document identifies five main marine hydrokinetic technology types: ocean wave, tidal stream, river, ocean current, and ocean thermal.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is stakeholder acceptance and permitting a key challenge for hydrokinetic systems?\",\"answer\":\"Device operations can affect the aquatic environment, including issues such as debris, sediment, frazil, surface ice, and interactions with fish and marine mammals, which influences stakeholder views and permitting approvals.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study structure the development path toward commercialization?\",\"answer\":\"It references an International Structured Development Plan that incorporates Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) into a five-stage approach, and it uses a structured systems engineering workflow with SysML to model stakeholder needs into system 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marine hydrokinetic energy technology types are discussed?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"The document identifies five main marine hydrokinetic technology types: ocean wave, tidal stream, river, ocean current, and ocean thermal.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"Why is stakeholder acceptance and permitting a key challenge for hydrokinetic systems?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"Device operations can affect the aquatic environment, including issues such as debris, sediment, frazil, surface ice, and interactions with fish and marine mammals, which influences stakeholder views and permitting approvals.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"How does the study structure the development path toward commercialization?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"It references an International Structured Development Plan that incorporates Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) into a five-stage approach, and it uses a structured systems engineering workflow with SysML to model stakeholder 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