[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-85051-en":3,"doc-seo-85051-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},85051,1099514067415,"Rowan","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539d78ffe74a7?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779092875211072502",8,"Research & Report","Model-Based Detection of Anomalous Events in Submarine Cables Using Distributed Deformation Sensing and Kalman Filtering","Submarine power and telecommunication cables are vital global infrastructure but can suffer mechanical damage from maritime operations and intentional interference, making early anomaly detection essential. A model-based framework is presented for real-time anomaly detection using spatially distributed deformation measurements along the cable. The cable is represented as a tensioned structure governed by a damped wave equation with fixed boundaries, discretized into a state-space model for Kalman filtering. Detection is formulated as a statistical hypothesis test on the filter innovation sequence, with simulations showing reliable identification of localized disturbances and robustness to ambient excitation.","Model-Based Detection of Anomalous Events in Submarine Cables Using Distributed Deformation Sensing and Kalman Filtering  \nCamilla Fioravanti, Bianca Mazzá, Marta Menci, Gabriele Oliva∗ , and Roberto Setola  \narXiv :2607 .08099v1 [ ee ss . SY] 9 Jul 2026  \nAbstract—Submarine power and telecommunication cables constitute critical global infrastructure, yet they remain vulnerable to mechanical damage caused by maritime activities and intentional tampering. Continuous monitoring of these assets is therefore essential for early detection of anomalous events. This paper proposes a model-based framework for realtime anomaly detection in submarine cables using spatially distributed deformation measurements along the cable. The cable is modeled as a tensioned structure governed by adamped wave equation with fixed boundary conditions. A finitedimensional state-space representation is obtained through spatial discretization, enabling the use of a Kalman filter to estimate the cable’s dynamic state under stochastic environmental disturbances. Anomaly detection is then formulated asa statistical hypothesis test applied to the innovation sequence of the filter. Numerical simulations indicate that the proposed framework can reliably identify localized disturbances while remaining robust to ambient environmental excitation.  \nIndex Terms—Submarine cables, Kalman filtering, anomaly detection, critical infrastructure protection.  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nSubmarine power and communication cables are critical assets for modern society, as they support digital connectivity, interconnection of energy systems, and the integration of offshore infrastructures [1], [2] . At the same time, they are exposed to a wide spectrum of hazards, including anchor drags, fishing activity, seabed instability, fatigue, and potentially intentional tampering [3]–[5] . These factors make continuous monitoring of cable integrity a key requirement for both operational reliability and infrastructure protection. Recent works have investigated monitoring strategies for subsea cable systems and marine infrastructures, where long flexible lines operate under complex environmental loading conditions [6] . A key challenge is that anomalous mechanical interactions are often masked by environmental excitation generated by waves, currents, and seabed contact [7] . Effective monitoring approaches should therefore rely on measurements that directly capture the cable mechanical response over extended spatial domains. In particular, distributed optical fiber sensing technologies enable dense measurements of strain, deformation, or vibration along very  \nDepartment of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy.  \n∗ corresponding author. Email: [g.oliva@unicampus.it](g.oliva@unicampus.it)  \nThis work was partly supported by project VIGIMARE, funded by the European Union under grant no. 101168016. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. This work was partly supported by Italian National project IMPROVE, funded by the Italian Ministry of Defense under grant no. 20711.  \nlong structures, often with meter-scale spatial sampling over kilometer-scale distances [8]–[10] . These technologies have been widely investigated for structural health monitoring applications [11], and have proven particularly suitable for monitoring cable-like structures, since they allow spatially continuous strain measurements over long distances and enable the detection of localized structural anomalies along the cable span [12] . In the specific case of submarine and subsea infrastructures, distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) has already shown the potential to detect vessel activity, anchoring, trawling, seismic events, and other external disturbances by turning the fiber itself into a continuous","cbCailRT4ymFZxnQ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailRT4ymFZxnQ","pdf",646406,2,1,6,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Sensing background and monitoring needs\n## Key challenge: separating anomalies from environmental excitation\n## Physics-based modeling motivation","[{\"question\":\"Why is continuous monitoring important for submarine cables?\",\"answer\":\"Submarine power and telecommunication cables are exposed to mechanical hazards such as anchor drags, fishing activity, seabed instability, fatigue, and potential intentional tampering. Continuous monitoring supports early detection to protect operational reliability and infrastructure integrity.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the proposed framework detect anomalous events?\",\"answer\":\"The cable is modeled with a damped wave equation and discretized into a state-space representation. A Kalman filter estimates the dynamic state under stochastic disturbances, and anomalies are identified via a statistical hypothesis test applied to the filter innovation sequence.\"},{\"question\":\"What makes the approach robust in real-world conditions?\",\"answer\":\"The framework explicitly estimates system dynamics while accounting for stochastic environmental excitation. Simulations indicate it can reliably locate localized disturbances while remaining resilient to ambient waves, currents, and seabed contact effects.\"}]",1784200645,15,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"model-based-detection-of-anomalous-events-in-submarine-cables-using-distributed-deformation-sensing-and-kalman-filtering","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/model-based-detection-of-anomalous-events-in-submarine-cables-using-distributed-deformation-sensing-and-kalman-filtering/85051/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-23","2026-07-16",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why is continuous monitoring important for submarine cables?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Submarine power and telecommunication cables are exposed to mechanical hazards such as anchor drags, fishing activity, seabed instability, fatigue, and potential intentional tampering. Continuous monitoring supports early detection to protect operational reliability and infrastructure integrity.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the proposed framework detect anomalous events?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"The cable is modeled with a damped wave equation and discretized into a state-space representation. A Kalman filter estimates the dynamic state under stochastic disturbances, and anomalies are identified via a statistical hypothesis test applied to the filter innovation sequence.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What makes the approach robust in real-world conditions?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The framework explicitly estimates system dynamics while accounting for stochastic environmental excitation. Simulations indicate it can reliably locate localized disturbances while remaining resilient to ambient waves, currents, and seabed contact effects.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,114,119,122,127,130,134],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]