[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40782-en":3,"doc-seo-40782-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40782,2336464648746,"Skyler","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",2,"Literature","Modalities Philosophical Essays","Modalities: Philosophical Essays by Ruth Barcan Marcus presents a curated selection of philosophical papers spanning several decades, addressing core issues in metaphysics and ontology. The work focuses on modal logic, intensional languages, deontic modalities, and essentialism, including topics such as essential attribution, quantification and ontology, and classes and individuals. Additional essays examine substitutivity, nominalism, moral dilemmas, rationality and belief, and arguments connected to Spinoza and possible worlds, with appendices extending technical discussion.","ModalitiesPhilosophical Essays  \nRUTH BARCAN MARCUS  \n# MODALITIES\n\nThis page intentionally left blank  \nMODALITIES  \nPhilosophical Essays  \nRUTH BARCAN MARCUS  \nOxford University Press  \nOxford New York Toronto  \nDelhi Bombay Calcutta Madras KarachiKuala Lumpur Singapore Hong Kong TokyoNairobi Dar es Salaam Cape TownMelbourne Aucklandand associated companies inBerlin Ibadan  \nCopyright ◎1993 by Ruth Barcan Marcus  \nFirst published in 1993 by Oxford University Press,Inc.200 Madison Avenue,New York,NY 10016First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback,1995  \nOxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press  \nAll rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording or otherwise,without the prior permission of the publisher.  \nLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data  \nMarcus,Ruth Barcan.  \nModalities :philosophical essays/Ruth Barcan Marcus.  \np.cm.Includes bibliographical references.  \nISBN 0-19-507698-2;0-19-509657-6(pbk)  \n1.Metaphysics,  \n2.Ontology.  \n3.Language and logic.  \n4.Modality (Logic)  \nI.Title.  \nBDII1.M441993110—dc20  \n91-48105  \n98765432  \nPrinted in the United States of Americaon acid free paper  \nFor Jim,Peter,Katherine,and Libby  \nThis page intentionally left blank  \nContents  \nAcknowledgments ixIntroduction xiii  \n1.Modalities and Intensional Languages 3APPENDIX IA:Discussion 24APPENDIX 1B:Smulyan on Modality and Description 36  \n2.Iterated Deontic Modalities 39  \n3.Essentialism in Modal Logic 45  \n4.Essential Attribution 53  \nAPPENDIX 4A:Strict Implication,Deducibility,and the Deduction Theorem 71  \n5.Quantification and Ontology 75  \n6.Classes,Collections,Assortments,and Individuals 89  \n7.Does the Principle of Substitutivity Rest on a Mistake?101  \n8.Nominalism and the Substitutional Quantifier 111  \n9.Moral Dilemmas and Consistency 125  \n10.Rationality and Believing the Impossible 143  \n11.Spinoza and the Ontological Proof 163  \n12.On Some Post-1920s Views of Russell on Particularity,Identity,and Individuation 177  \n13.Possibilia and Possible Worlds 189  \n14.A Backward Look at Quine's Animadversions onModalities 215  \n15.Some Revisionary Proposals about Belief and Believing 233Index 257  \nThis page intentionally left blank  \nAcknowledgments  \nThe present volume contains a selection of essays written during thepast three decades.There is a roster of many to whom I owe thanksfor encouraging the logical and philosophical interests that are re-flected in these papers.  \nWhile I was an undergraduate,J.C.C.McKinsey supervised mystudy of mathematical logic,spending countless hours with me as aself-elected informal tutor.I took for granted what in retrospect I seeas extraordinary generosity.McKinsey also encouraged my more spe-cialized interest in modal logic and in the philosophical questions thatrelated to those interests.Curricular efforts were directed toward gain-ing a \"classical\"education as viewed by a romantic in her teens.Inaddition to philosophy and mathematics,I studied some physics,somehistory and classical languages.Little remains of the latter.My literarypreoccupations were extracurricular,for I had located myself in a stu-dent fringe of the Partisan Review milieu.  \nMcKinsey encouraged me to go on to graduate work at Yale,where my already germinated work in modal theories would be takenseriously.At Yale five(or was it six?)marathon examinations in tra-ditional fields of Philosophy were required.Beyond that,I was leftto my own devices.In addition to some philosophy seminars I strug-gled through a year-long beautifully structured six-day-a-week coursein theoretical physics taught by Leigh Page and required of first-yearphysics graduate students.I also audited mathematics lectures of EinarHille and Oystein Ore.Those disciplines helped shape my philo-sophical thought.  \nYale philosophy faculty members who were particularly influentialat that time were","cbCaigfxjx4MRw0g","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigfxjx4MRw0g","pdf",17026060,3,1,281,"English","en",105,"# Contents\n## Introduction\n## Modalities and Intensional Languages\n## Iterated Deontic Modalities\n## Essentialism in Modal Logic\n## Essential Attribution\n## Quantification and Ontology\n## Classes, Collections, Assortments, and Individuals\n## Nominalism and the Substitutional Quantifier\n## Moral Dilemmas and Consistency\n## Possibilia and Possible Worlds\n## Index","[{\"question\":\"What philosophical areas does the collection focus on?\",\"answer\":\"The essays focus on metaphysics and ontology, especially through the tools of modal logic and related issues in language and 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