[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-504994-105":59,"doc-detail-504994-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","modal-sentences-modal-structure-semantics-and-bias","Modal Sentences - Modal Structure, Semantics, and Bias","","Modal sentences explores linguistic modality through definitions, truth and veridicality, commitment, and modal bias, then surveys the landscape of modality across modal verbs, adjectives, nouns, adverbs, particles, and evidential markers. It develops a formal semantic theory using Kripke frames and Kratzer’s modal bases and ordering sources, linking equilibrium and metaevaluation to bias. The book extends the analysis to unitary modals and the future, and integrates modality with time. It further treats epistemic modality, evidentiality and evidence, and explains directive modality, questions, reflection, aporia, and bias, supported by cross-linguistic data.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/modal-sentences-modal-structure-semantics-and-bias/504994/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/modal-sentences-modal-structure-semantics-and-bias/504994.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Hazel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-10-04",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does the book define modal sentences and distinguish truth-related notions?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It introduces modal sentences and then develops the objective dimension of truth alongside the subjective dimension of veridical judgment, connecting them to commitment. This sets up how modality relates to what is taken to be true.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What formal semantic framework does the book use for linguistic modality?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It presents a formal semantic theory using Kripke frames for worlds and accessibility relations, and Kratzer’s approach with modal bases and ordering sources. It then analyzes epistemic necessity versus veridicality and links bias to metaevaluation and equilibrium.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the book connect modality to time and to the future?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It treats modality with tense and temporal orientation, discussing embedded tense and the semantic status of non-past and predictions. Later chapters examine unitary modals, expectations, ratificational futures, and how the future can be modeled as flexible necessity or non-biased necessity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},504994,1791167901,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},137441390410,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000252f4ab5702993?_k=1776741390130283984","1  \n1.  \nModal Sentences  \nNo subtitle  \nAnastasia Giannakidou and Alda Mari  \nContents  \nAcknowledgments page vii  \nAbbreviations ix  \nList of Figures x  \n1 Linguistic Modality 1  \n1.1 Modal sentences: a definition 1  \n1.2 Truth, veridicality, and commitment 7  \n1.2.1 The objective dimension: truth 7  \n1.2.2 The subjective dimension: veridical judgment 9  \n1.3 Modal bias 16  \n1.4 Roadmap 17  \n2 The landscape of modality 21  \n2.1 Modal verbs: quantificational force and modal quality 21  \n2.1.1 English modal auxiliaries 22  \n2.1.2 The inferential nature of epistemic MUST 25  \n2.1.3 Greek modal verbs 30  \n2.1.4 Modal verbs in Italian and French 34  \n2.1.5 One ‘flexible’ modal: Salish 36  \n2.2 Modal adjectives and nouns 38  \n2.3 Modal adverbs and modal spread 40  \n2.3.1 Modal adverbs on their own 40  \n2.3.2 Modal adverbs and verbs: modal spread 42  \n2.4 Modal particles 46  \n2.5 Evidential markers 51  \n2.5.1 Grammaticalized evidentiality 52  \n2.5.2 Tariana 53  \n2.5.3 Quechua 53  \n2.5.4 Cherokee 54  \niii  \niv Contents  \n2.5.5 Salish 55  \n2.5.6 Bulgarian indirect evidential 56  \n2.5.7 Japanese 58  \n2.6 Questions and modality 59  \n2.7 Summary 61  \n3 A formal semantic theory for linguistic modality 64  \n3.1 Models for modality 64  \n3.2 Worlds and accessibility relations: Kripke frames 67  \n3.3 Kratzer’s theory: modal bases and ordering sources 70  \n3.3.1 Kratzer I: Modal bases 72  \n3.3.2 Kratzer II: Ordering sources 73  \n3.3.3 Epistemic necessity versus veridicality of knowledge 75  \n3.4 Veridical commitment and modality 80  \n3.5 Equilibrium, metaevaluation, and bias 88  \n3.5.1 Two modal bases for MUST 90  \n3.5.2 Evidence for the metaevaluation: modal spread 93  \n3.5.3 The modal skeleton and the metaevaluation 96  \n3.6 Conclusion 100  \n4 Unitary modals, the future, and non-biased necessity 103  \n4.1 Unexpected unitary modals in Salish and Birman 103  \n4.2 The flexibility of the future: Italian, Greek, English 106  \n4.2.1 Epistemic non-predictive future 107  \n4.2.2 FUT with possibility adverbs 110  \n4.3 The future as a flexible necessity epistemic modal 113  \n4.3.1 The inferential character of epistemic future 113  \n4.3.2 Future morphemes and interaction with tense 117  \n4.3.3 The future as MUST? 121  \n4.3.4 Futuro as a non-biased necessity modal 122  \n4.3.5 More predictions: should and Greek FUT with MUST 125  \n4.4 Back to Salish: a flexible necessity analysis 128  \n4.5 The conditional + necessity modal combination 132  \n4.6 Conclusion 136  \n5 Modality and Time 138  \n5.1 Introduction: modality, tense, and Aktionsart 139  \n5.2 Embedded tense and temporal orientation 142  \n5.2.1 Morphological and semantic tenses in Greek 143  \n5.2.2 The semantic NON-PAST and the Now parameter 147  \nContents v  \n5.2.3 Modality with a Lower PAST 150  \n5.2.4 Syntax-Semantics of tense and modality in Italian 152  \n5.3 More on the future and the nature of prediction 156  \n5.3.1 Branching time 156  \n5.3.2 Epistemic or metaphysical modality? 158  \n5.3.3 Expectational components in prediction 162  \n5.3.4 Ratificational futures 165  \n5.3.5 On futur antrieur in French and Italian and the mirative effect 168  \n5.3.6 Conclusion: the nature of prediction 170  \n5.4 Actuality entailment: ability below the PAST 170  \n5.4.1 Actuality entailment and aspect 173  \n5.4.2 Ability under past 176  \n5.4.3 Epistemic modality cannot scope under past 179  \n5.5 Conclusion 181  \n6 Epistemic modality, evidentiality, and evidence 183  \n6.1 Evidential markers and the questions they raise 183  \n6.2 Evidence and veridicality judgment 188  \n6.3 Visual perception as evidence 192  \n6.3.1 Seeing: direct witness and nonveridical SEE 193  \n6.3.2 Semblance evidentials 199  \n6.4 Non-visual sensory evidence 202  \n6.4.1 Indirect evidentials are fine with non-visual experience 202  \n6.4.2 Conclusions about sensory evidence 206  \n6.5 Inferential evidentials 206  \n6.5.1 Conjectural evidential and might 207  \n6.5.2 MUST like inferentials 208  \n6.5.3 More on Salish inferentials 209  \n6.6 Reportative ev","cbCainCkkQmrVIBl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainCkkQmrVIBl","pdf",1474081,333,"English","# Linguistic Modality\n## Modal sentences: a definition\n## Truth, veridicality, and commitment\n## Modal bias\n## Roadmap\n# The landscape of modality\n## Modal verbs: quantificational force and modal quality\n## Modal adjectives and nouns\n## Modal adverbs and modal spread\n## Modal particles\n## Evidential markers\n## Questions and modality\n## Summary\n# A formal semantic theory for linguistic modality\n## Models for modality\n## Worlds and accessibility relations: Kripke frames\n## Kratzer’s theory: modal bases and ordering sources\n## Veridical commitment and modality\n## Equilibrium, metaevaluation, and bias\n## Conclusion\n# Unitary modals, the future, and non-biased necessity\n## Unexpected unitary modals\n## The flexibility of the future\n## The future as a flexible necessity epistemic modal\n## Back to Salish: a flexible necessity analysis\n## The conditional + necessity modal combination\n## Conclusion\n# Modality and Time\n## Introduction: modality, tense, and Aktionsart\n## Embedded tense and temporal orientation\n## More on the future and the nature of prediction\n## Actuality entailment: ability below the PAST\n## Conclusion\n# Epistemic modality, evidentiality, and evidence\n## Evidential markers and the questions they raise\n## Evidence and veridicality judgment\n## Visual perception as evidence\n## Non-visual sensory evidence\n## Inferential evidentials\n## Reportative evidential\n## Summary\n# Directive modality: deontic and imperative sentences\n## Deontic modal sentences and imperatives: core questions\n## Deontic modal sentences\n## Directive unembedded subjunctives\n## Theories of imperatives\n## Strengthening and weakening of imperatives\n## Imperatives as flexible necessity modals\n## Summary\n# Modal structure in questions: reflection, aporia, and bias\n## Manipulation of the nonveridical partition\n## Background on questions and their relation to assertions\n## REALLY-questions and negative bias\n## Focus negation and positive bias\n## Reflective questions: the mechanisms of aporia\n## Basic characteristics of reflective questions\n## Reflection as aporia: three strategies\n## Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"How does the book define modal sentences and distinguish truth-related notions?\",\"answer\":\"It introduces modal sentences and then develops the objective dimension of truth alongside the subjective dimension of veridical judgment, connecting them to commitment. This sets up how modality relates to what is taken to be true.\"},{\"question\":\"What formal semantic framework does the book use for linguistic modality?\",\"answer\":\"It presents a formal semantic theory using Kripke frames for worlds and accessibility relations, and Kratzer’s approach with modal bases and ordering sources. It then analyzes epistemic necessity versus veridicality and links bias to metaevaluation and equilibrium.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book connect modality to time and to the future?\",\"answer\":\"It treats modality with tense and temporal orientation, discussing embedded tense and the semantic status of non-past and predictions. Later chapters examine unitary modals, expectations, ratificational futures, and how the future can be modeled as flexible necessity or non-biased necessity.\"}]","Modal Sentences - Modal Structure, Semantics, and Bias | PDF",1791083922,839]