[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-385540-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":79,"doc-detail-385540-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":72,"head_meta":74,"extra_data":76,"updated_unix":78},105,"en","mitochondria-on-the-move-horizontal-mitochondrial-transfer-in-disease-and-health","Mitochondria on the move - Horizontal mitochondrial transfer in disease and health","","Reviewing how mitochondrial mobility reshapes intercellular biology, this article explains horizontal mitochondrial transfer (HMT) as mitochondria move between mammalian cells via cytoplasmic bridges. Evidence from in vivo cancer and lung injury demonstrates functional consequences, while phylogenetic data supports frequent mitochondrial trafficking. The review summarizes HMT roles in bioenergetic crosstalk, homeostasis, disease treatment and recovery, and therapy resistance. It argues HMT is (patho)physiologically relevant and may guide novel therapeutic design.",{"@graph":14,"@context":71},[15,34,54],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/mitochondria-on-the-move-horizontal-mitochondrial-transfer-in-disease-and-health/385540/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":48,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":49,"interactionStatistic":50},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/mitochondria-on-the-move-horizontal-mitochondrial-transfer-in-disease-and-health/385540.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"pixelkiddo","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":51,"interactionType":52,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":53},"ViewAction",{"@type":55,"mainEntity":56},"FAQPage",[57,63,67],{"name":58,"@type":59,"acceptedAnswer":60},"What is horizontal mitochondrial transfer (HMT) and why was it unexpected?","Question",{"text":61,"@type":62},"HMT refers to mitochondria transferring between mammalian cells. It challenged the long-held view that mitochondrial genes are confined within somatic cells in most cell types.","Answer",{"name":64,"@type":59,"acceptedAnswer":65},"What evidence supports HMT in living organisms?",{"text":66,"@type":62},"In vivo studies report mitochondrial transfer in contexts such as cancer and lung injury, showing functional consequences. Additional support comes from phylogenetic analyses.",{"name":68,"@type":59,"acceptedAnswer":69},"How could HMT influence disease outcomes and treatment?",{"text":70,"@type":62},"The review links HMT to bioenergetic crosstalk and homeostasis, with implications for disease treatment and recovery. It also discusses contributions to resistance against cancer therapy, and proposes HMT exploitation for novel therapeutic approaches.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":73,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":75,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":77,"site_id":7},385540,1790269885,{"code":4,"msg":80,"data":81},"success",[82,86,90,94,99,104,108,113,118,121,125],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":83,"show_sort_weight":84,"slug":85},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":87,"show_sort_weight":88,"slug":89},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":91,"show_sort_weight":92,"slug":93},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":95,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":96,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":100,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":109,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":114,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":115,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":119,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":120},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":122,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":123,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":124},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":127,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":128},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":80,"data":130},{"doc_id":77,"user_id":131,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":105,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":78,"read_time":143},962090883892,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e00115db34f3e0f11b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1790152879550218658","REVIEW  \nMitochondria on the move: Horizontal mitochondrial transfer in disease and health  \nLan-Feng Dong1􀀁, Jakub Rohlena2􀀁, Renata Zobalova2􀀁, Zuzana Nahacka2􀀁, Anne-Marie Rodriguez3􀀁, Michael V. Berridge4􀀁, and Jiri Neuzil1,2,5,6􀀁  \nMammalian genes were long thought to be constrained within somatic cells in most cell types. This concept was challenged recently when cellular organelles including mitochondria were shown to move between mammalian cells in culture via cytoplasmic bridges. Recent research in animals indicates transfer of mitochondria in cancer and during lung injury in vivo, with considerable functional consequences. Since these pioneering discoveries, many studies have confirmed horizontal mitochondrial transfer (HMT) in vivo, and its functional characteristics and consequences have been described. Additional support for this phenomenon has come from phylogenetic studies. Apparently, mitochondrial trafficking between cells occurs more frequently than previously thought and contributes to diverse processes including bioenergetic crosstalk and homeostasis, disease treatment and recovery, and development of resistance to cancer therapy. Here we highlight current knowledge of HMT between cells, focusing primarily on in vivo systems, and contend that this process is not only (patho) physiologically relevant, but also can be exploited for the design of novel therapeutic approaches.  \nIntroduction  \nMitochondria are essential organelles with multiple functions. As proteobacterial endosymbionts (Gray et al., 1999; Martinet al., 2019), mitochondria retained a part of the original bacterial genome. Mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of ∼15.6 kb codes for 13 mRNAs, whose products are subunits of mitochondrial respiratory complex I (CI), CIII, CIV, and CV, of which CI, CIII, and CIV form the respirasome crucial for CI-dependent respiration (Acin-Perez et al. , 2008; Moreno-Lastres et al., 2012; Lapuente-Brun et al., 2013; Guet al., 2016b) . Mitochondrial DNA also encodes 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and the displacement loop (DLOOP; Falkenberg et al., 2017; Kukat and Larsson, 2013; Kukat et al., 2015; Gustafsson et al., 2016) . For proper function, mitochondria need >1,500 proteins, the vast majority of which are encoded by nuclear DNA (nDNA; Liu and Butow, 2006; Neupert and Hermann, 2007; Ryan and Hoogenraad, 2007) .  \nA prominent feature of mtDNA is its heteroplasmy (more than one mitochondrial genotype) mediated by tissue-specific non-random segregation (Burgstaller et al., 2014) . Heteroplasmic variance modulates the number of pathological cells ina tissue (Aryaman et al., 2019b) . Most eukaryotic cells carry multiple mtDNA copies, and the sequence of each mtDNA molecule can vary. This results in intracellular mitochondrial heterogeneity, which can lead to intercellular mitochondrial heterogeneity (Aryaman et al., 2019a) . An intriguing paper  \nproposed that exchange of mitochondria between cells helps maintain balanced heteroplasmy (Jayaprakash et al., 2015) . This can be reconciled with the notion that for a particular phenotype, relevant heteroplasmy needs an elevated number of mtDNA copies with this genotype (Picard et al., 2014; Stewart and Chinnery, 2021) .  \nMitochondria have been increasingly linked to metabolic reprogramming and differentiation (Buck et al., 2016; Sykes et al., 2016; Seo et al., 2018) . Mitochondrial function is associated with maintaining and dictating stem cell fate, and this plays a role in metabolic programming during quiescence, activation, self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation (Bhattacharya and Scimè, 2020) . It was found that mitochondrial Akt signaling modulates somatic cell reprogramming (Chen et al., 2019), and there is increasing understanding that mtDNA damage and loss of mitochondrial genome integrity play a critical role in the development of both severe early-onset maladies and chronic age-related diseases (Petros et al., 2005; Moreno-Loshuertos et al., 2006; Schon et al., 20","cbCaioEjTyGjkhW3","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioEjTyGjkhW3","pdf",2584988,27,"English","# Introduction\n## Mitochondria, mtDNA, and heteroplasmy\n## Metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial genome integrity\n## Horizontal mitochondrial transfer (HMT) and therapeutic potential","[{\"question\":\"What is horizontal mitochondrial transfer (HMT) and why was it unexpected?\",\"answer\":\"HMT refers to mitochondria transferring between mammalian cells. It challenged the long-held view that mitochondrial genes are confined within somatic cells in most cell types.\"},{\"question\":\"What evidence supports HMT in living organisms?\",\"answer\":\"In vivo studies report mitochondrial transfer in contexts such as cancer and lung injury, showing functional consequences. Additional support comes from phylogenetic analyses.\"},{\"question\":\"How could HMT influence disease outcomes and treatment?\",\"answer\":\"The review links HMT to bioenergetic crosstalk and homeostasis, with implications for disease treatment and recovery. It also discusses contributions to resistance against cancer therapy, and proposes HMT exploitation for novel therapeutic approaches.\"}]","Mitochondria on the move - Horizontal mitochondrial transfer in disease and health | PDF",68]