[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-443997-105":59,"doc-detail-443997-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","mitigating-radiation-damage-to-polyethylene-in-transmission-electron-microscopy-by-free-radical-scavengers","Mitigating Radiation Damage to Polyethylene in Transmission Electron Microscopy by Free Radical Scavengers","","Polyethylene (PE) is widely used due to its broad applications, yet its properties depend on nanoscale crystals and amorphous regions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) enables observation of these nanostructures, but high-energy electrons cause radiolysis damage that erodes crystallization information. This study evaluates free radical scavengers as a beam-damage mitigation strategy by tracking critical dose (Dc) through electron diffraction peak decay. Coating PE crystals with an aqueous scavenger solution reduces beam damage; the mechanism is linked to hydroxyl-mediated scavenging of reactive radical species, supporting a nonincorporative coating approach for diverse materials.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/mitigating-radiation-damage-to-polyethylene-in-transmission-electron-microscopy-by-free-radical-scavengers/443997/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/mitigating-radiation-damage-to-polyethylene-in-transmission-electron-microscopy-by-free-radical-scavengers/443997.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Fahsai","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-30","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does TEM cause problems when imaging polyethylene?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"High-energy incident electrons can trigger radiolysis damage, producing free radicals and breaking or cross-linking bonds. This reduces crystallinity and image contrast, limiting reliable in situ observation.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How did the study quantify beam damage in TEM?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Beam damage was quantified using critical dose (Dc) values derived from the decay of electron diffraction (ED) peak intensities under accumulated electron irradiation.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What mitigation method and mechanism does the study propose?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Casting a thin aqueous layer containing a free radical scavenger on PE crystals mitigates beam damage at room temperature. The protective effect is attributed to hydroxyl-group scavenging of reactive radical species by phenols.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},443997,1790740502,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},549768702563,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000c4aa63b76e948b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786536092046926083","This article is licensed under CC-BY 4.0   \n[http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf](http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf)  Article   \nMitigating Radiation Damage to Polyethylene in Transmission Electron Microscopy by Free Radical Scavengers  \nHsiao-Fang Wang, * Yen-Chi Ho, and Yi-Cen Shih  \n Cite This: ACS Omega 2025, 10, 59685−59691  \nRead Online  \n\n|  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| ACCESS   | Metrics & More |  |  Article Recommendations |  | *sı Supporting Information |\n\nABSTRACT: Polyethylene (PE) is the most extensively used semicrystalline polymer due to its wide array of applications. The properties of PE are influenced by its nanosized crystals and amorphous regions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a vital tool for revealing the nanostructures within materials. However, high-energy incident electrons can inflict radiolysis damage through electron irradiation, resulting in the loss of crucial information regarding crystallization. In this study, we examine the effect of free radical scavengers on PE as an approach to mitigating beam damage. Quantifying the beam damage by critical dose (Dc) values from the decay of electron diffraction (ED) peaks shows that the beam damage of PE in TEM can be mitigated by casting an aqueous solution containing a free radical scavenger on PE crystals. The protective effect of the free radical scavenger is attributed to the efficient scavenging of reactive radical species by its hydroxyl group on phenols. This study highlights a nonincorporative approach into materials to mitigate the beam damage by the coating of free radical scavengers on all kinds of materials.  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nSemicrystalline polyethylene (PE) is an essential thermoplastic polymer that stands out for its remarkable chemical resistance, outstanding flexibility, and lightweight characteristics. Understanding PE’s crystallinity and type of crystal is essential not only for materials scientists but also for industries that rely on its diverse properties.1,2  \nTransmission electron microscopy (TEM) is an advanced analytical technique utilized to visualize and characterize materials through imaging, diffraction, and spectroscopy. However, soft matter, such as polymers, is sensitive to the high-energy electron beam. The appearance of the specimen changes considerably during observation in TEM because of radiation damage. Radiation damage can be categorized as elastic scattering and inelastic scattering. Elastic scattering can result in electrostatic charging, atomic displacement, and ebeam sputtering. Inelastic scattering can produce radiolysis effects (structural damage or mass loss), specimen heating, and hydrocarbon contamination.3−5 In soft matter, the primary type of radiation damage is radiolysis, which results in the formation of free radicals. Subsequently, chemical bonds are broken or cross-linked, causing the loss of crystallinity or image contrast. The effects of radiolysis greatly limit the ability to conduct in situ observations to examine the dynamic behaviors of materials.  \nCryogenic conditions can effectively minimize radiation damage in TEM by limiting the diffusion of free radicals.5,6 However, the experiments requiring temperature as a key parameter cannot be conducted at cryogenic temperatures,  \nsuch as order−order transition of the block copolymer,7 solid − solid phase transformations in organic semiconductors,8 and liquid cell.9, 10 Technically, changing the accelerating voltage and lowering the dose rate are the ways to reduce electron irradiation damage.4, 11, 12 For organic specimens, utilizing a higher accelerating voltage combined with a low dose is an effective approach to suppressing radiation damage. However, this method results in a lower contrast due to the reduction of the cross-section for elastic scattering.  \nAntioxidants, also known as free radical scavengers, are substances that effectively neutralize free radicals, protecting materials from radiation da","cbCail8enD5QQv3K","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCail8enD5QQv3K","pdf",4234747,"English","# ABSTRACT\n# INTRODUCTION","[{\"question\":\"Why does TEM cause problems when imaging polyethylene?\",\"answer\":\"High-energy incident electrons can trigger radiolysis damage, producing free radicals and breaking or cross-linking bonds. This reduces crystallinity and image contrast, limiting reliable in situ observation.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the study quantify beam damage in TEM?\",\"answer\":\"Beam damage was quantified using critical dose (Dc) values derived from the decay of electron diffraction (ED) peak intensities under accumulated electron irradiation.\"},{\"question\":\"What mitigation method and mechanism does the study propose?\",\"answer\":\"Casting a thin aqueous layer containing a free radical scavenger on PE crystals mitigates beam damage at room temperature. The protective effect is attributed to hydroxyl-group scavenging of reactive radical species by phenols.\"}]","Mitigating Radiation Damage to Polyethylene in Transmission Electron Microscopy by Free Radical Scavengers | PDF",1790706371,18]