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MicroRNA-28 (miR-28) is presented as a key regulator whose effects vary with disease type and cellular microenvironment. The review summarizes miR-28’s influence on cancer progression, including proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, and metastasis, and extends coverage to other human diseases and their underlying mechanisms. It highlights how mechanistic insights could enable new therapies and supports miR-28 as a potential diagnostic and preventive biomarker.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/mir-28-a-tiny-player-in-cancer-progression-and-other-human-diseases-review/374550/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/mir-28-a-tiny-player-in-cancer-progression-and-other-human-diseases-review/374550.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Angel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is miR-28 and how does it regulate gene expression?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"miR-28 is a microRNA that binds to specific mRNA sequences, which can inhibit translation or promote transcript degradation. Its regulatory effects depend on the disease context and the cellular microenvironment.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How is miR-28 linked to cancer progression?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"miR-28 is discussed as a regulator involved in cancer-related processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, and metastasis. The review emphasizes that its role can function as both an inhibitor and an inducer of pathogenic processes.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why is understanding miR-28’s mechanism important for therapy and diagnostics?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"A comprehensive understanding of how miR-28 exerts its regulatory functions could support the development of novel therapies. 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Biomolecules 2025, 15, 757 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)biom15060757  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \nDepartment of Transplantation, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; [k.kotarski@uj.edu.pl](k.kotarski@uj.edu.pl)  \n* [Correspondence: marta.kot@uj.edu.pl](Correspondence: marta.kot@uj.edu.pl) (M.K.); [klaudia.skrzypek@uj.edu.pl](klaudia.skrzypek@uj.edu.pl) (K.S.)  \nAbstract: MicroRNAs belong to a class of small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. By binding to specific mRNA sequences, microRNAs can either inhibit translation or promote transcript degradation. MicroRNA-28 (miR-28) plays a pivotal role in regulating the processes responsible for the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Its function is contingent upon the specific type of disease and the cellular microenvironment. miR-28 can act as both an inhibitor and inducer of pathogenic processes. This article discusses the impact of miR-28 on the progression of various types of cancer, with particular emphasis on its role as a regulator of gene expression involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, and metastasis. Additionally, the article delves into the role of miR-28 in other human diseases and its influence on the processes that underlie their development. A comprehensive understanding of the precise mechanisms through which this specific microRNA exerts its regulatory functions could significantly impact the development of novel therapies. Furthermore, there is potential for miR-28 to be utilized as a diagnostic and preventative biomarker.  \nKeywords: miR-28; miRNA; cancer; oncomiR; oncogene; metastasis; biomarker; non-coding RNA; circRNA; lncRNA  \n1. Introduction  \nIn 1993, Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun first described microRNAs and their functions in the nematode C. elegans, thereby initiating intense research on the role these molecules play in living organisms. In their studies, they demonstrated that the lin-4 gene encodes small RNA molecules with sequences that are complementary to the 3′ UTR regions in the mRNA of the lin-14 gene, thus, regulating the translation of this gene’s transcription through RNA-RNA interaction [1,2] . In 2024, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their scientific discoveries.  \nMicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules 20–24 nucleotides in length known for their ability to post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. MicroRNA molecules can bind to mRNAs, leading to transcript degradation or translation inhibition [3,4] . Due to the tremendous impact of miRNAs on protein regulation, they are crucial for maintaining body homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that their dysregulated levels can cause many dangerous diseases. Among other things, it has been discovered that dysregulated miRNAs are associated with the occurrence of numerous heart diseases [5], as well as autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis [6] . However, special attention is paid to the impact of miRNAs on the development and progression of various types of cancer, which, due to their higher incidence and high mortality rate, po","cbCairJsQQCHIgJ8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairJsQQCHIgJ8","pdf",6418152,28,"English","# Introduction\n## MicroRNAs and disease relevance\n# MicroRNA Biogenesis\n## Pri-miRNA transcription and processing","[{\"question\":\"What is miR-28 and how does it regulate gene expression?\",\"answer\":\"miR-28 is a microRNA that binds to specific mRNA sequences, which can inhibit translation or promote transcript degradation. Its regulatory effects depend on the disease context and the cellular microenvironment.\"},{\"question\":\"How is miR-28 linked to cancer progression?\",\"answer\":\"miR-28 is discussed as a regulator involved in cancer-related processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, and metastasis. The review emphasizes that its role can function as both an inhibitor and an inducer of pathogenic processes.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is understanding miR-28’s mechanism important for therapy and diagnostics?\",\"answer\":\"A comprehensive understanding of how miR-28 exerts its regulatory functions could support the development of novel therapies. The text also indicates potential use of miR-28 as a diagnostic and preventative biomarker.\"}]","miR-28: A Tiny Player in Cancer Progression and Other Human Diseases - Review | PDF",1790201871,71]