[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-362283-105":59,"doc-detail-362283-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","minimal-residual-disease-in-solid-tumors-review","Minimal residual disease in solid tumors - Review","","Minimal residual disease (MRD) describes residual cancer cells or tumor-derived fragments that persist after treatment yet remain undetectable by conventional imaging or protein-based assays. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) functions as a dynamic biomarker enabling real-time monitoring, prognostication, and frequently therapeutic decision-making. Two ctDNA strategies—tumor-informed and tumor-agnostic—differ in analytical performance and clinical feasibility. Clinical trials support ctDNA MRD as prognostic and predictive in multiple malignancies, but implementation is constrained by heterogeneity, variable ctDNA shedding, and limited standardized interpretation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/minimal-residual-disease-in-solid-tumors-review/362283/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/minimal-residual-disease-in-solid-tumors-review/362283.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aurelia","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What does minimal residual disease (MRD) mean in solid tumors?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"MRD refers to residual cancer cells or tumor-derived fragments remaining in the body after treatment completion, which are not detectable by traditional imaging or protein methods but can indicate persistence, recurrence, or metastasis.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) improve MRD detection and clinical monitoring?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"ctDNA is a dynamic biomarker of MRD that enables real-time tracking and monitoring of treatment response. It can also support prognostication and may help identify drug resistance.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What are the main types of ctDNA testing for MRD, and how do they differ?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"ctDNA testing includes tumor-informed and tumor-agnostic approaches. Tumor-informed tests use patient-specific mutations from prior tumor tissue and are reported to be highly sensitive and specific but are more costly and time-consuming, while tumor-agnostic tests use pre-made panels without tissue sampling and are generally more feasible but with lower sensitivity and specificity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},362283,1790193333,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":41},1099514068365,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/10000253d8d9f28188e?_k=1776742907772140068","DOI: 10. 1002/cncr.70286  \nREVIEW ARTICLE  \nMinimal residual disease in solid tumors: Clinical applications and future directions  \nTheresa Abdo MD1  | Ahmad Alhalabi MD 1 | Sacha Yaghi BS2 |  \nMohammad Aloran MD3  | You Li MD 1 | María Herrán MD 1 | Rami Tfayli MD1 | Thomas A. Samuel MD 1 | Zeina Nahleh MD, FACP 1   \n1Department of Hematology and Oncology Cleveland Clinic Florida, Maroone Cancer Center, Weston, Florida, USA  \n2Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon  \n3Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan  \nCorrespondence  \nTheresa Abdo, Department of Hematology and Oncology Cleveland Clinic Florida, Maroone Cancer Center, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd, Weston, FL 33331, USA. [Email:](Email: Theresa7abdo@gmail.com)[ Theresa7abdo@gmail.com](Email: Theresa7abdo@gmail.com)  \nAbstract  \nMinimal residual disease (MRD) refers to the presence of residual cancer cells or tumor-derived fragments that persist after treatment and remain undetectable by conventional imaging or protein-based assays. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has emerged as a dynamic biomarker for MRD detection. It enables real-time disease monitoring, prognostication, and often therapeutic decision-making. Two major ctDNA approaches exist, tumor-informed and tumor-agnostic, and they differ insensitivity, specificity, and clinical feasibility. Recent clinical trials have supported a prognostic and predictive utility of ctDNA MRD in gastrointestinal, lung, breast, and other malignancies, with positive postoperative or post-treatment MRD status correlating with higher recurrence risk and inferior survival outcomes. However, integration into clinical practice remains limited by challenges, including tumor heterogeneity, variable ctDNA shedding across tumor stage, location and timing, lack of standardized assay interpretation, and cost-effectiveness concerns. Emerging technologies such as methylation-based sequencing, ultra-deep nextgeneration sequencing, and machine learning–driven risk models hold promise for improving detection accuracy and clinical applicability. Ongoing clinical trials are expected to determine the impact of earlier MRD detection and intervention on patient outcomes, potentially supporting the broader adoption of ctDNA MRD. In this article, the authors reviewed the recent clinical applications, limitations and future directions of MRD in solid tumors.  \nKEYWORDS  \ncancer monitoring, circulating tumor DNA, clinical applications, minimal residual disease, prognostic and predictive biomarker, solid tumors  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.  \n© 2026 The Author(s). Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Cancer Society.  \nCancer. 2026;e70286.  \n[https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.70286](https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.70286)  \nwi[leyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cncr](leyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cncr)  \n1 of 12  \nINTRODUCTION  \nMinimal residual disease or molecular residual disease (MRD) refers to the cancer cells or their fragments that remain in the body after treatment completion. These cells or fragments are not detectable by the traditional imaging or protein methods but can be indicators of persistence, recurrence or metastasis of the cancer.1 Unlike histology and stage that predict the risk of recurrence, MRD could directly identify the presence of residual cancer.2  \nCirculating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has emerged as a dynamic biomarker of MRD that enables real-time tracking of the cancer as opposed to a static biopsy, and monitoring treatment response as well as potentially identifying drug resistance.3 CtDNA is a component of cell-free DNA that originates from tumor tissue in the patient's plasma.4 It can be detected by methods such as polymerase chain r","cbCaiowJ1iOgunra","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiowJ1iOgunra","pdf",324022,12,"English","# Introduction\n## Minimal residual disease (MRD)\n## Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) as an MRD biomarker\n## Types of ctDNA testing (tumor-informed vs tumor-agnostic)\n## Clinical applications and current limitations","[{\"question\":\"What does minimal residual disease (MRD) mean in solid tumors?\",\"answer\":\"MRD refers to residual cancer cells or tumor-derived fragments remaining in the body after treatment completion, which are not detectable by traditional imaging or protein methods but can indicate persistence, recurrence, or metastasis.\"},{\"question\":\"How does circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) improve MRD detection and clinical monitoring?\",\"answer\":\"ctDNA is a dynamic biomarker of MRD that enables real-time tracking and monitoring of treatment response. It can also support prognostication and may help identify drug resistance.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the main types of ctDNA testing for MRD, and how do they differ?\",\"answer\":\"ctDNA testing includes tumor-informed and tumor-agnostic approaches. Tumor-informed tests use patient-specific mutations from prior tumor tissue and are reported to be highly sensitive and specific but are more costly and time-consuming, while tumor-agnostic tests use pre-made panels without tissue sampling and are generally more feasible but with lower sensitivity and specificity.\"}]","Minimal residual disease in solid tumors - Review | PDF",1790146944]