[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-113064-en":3,"doc-seo-113064-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},113064,1099513958762,"Logic","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1784791008015729253",6,"Technology","Mini Grid Solutions for Underserved Customers - New Insights from Nigeria and India","Mini Grid Solutions for Underserved Customers: New Insights from Nigeria and India presents practical approaches to expanding electricity access in underserved areas through mini grids. It explains what mini grids are, how interconnected and isolated systems function, and why win-win-win business models matter. The book organizes Nigeria and India case studies, compares government and private sector strategies, and reviews regulatory issues shaping deployment. Rights and Creative Commons licensing terms enable responsible reuse.","Mini Grid Solutions for Underserved Customers  \nNew Insights from Nigeria and India  \nBernard Tenenbaum, Chris Greacen, and Ashish Shrestha  \nINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS  \nMini Grid Solutions for Underserved Customers  \nNew Insights from Nigeria and India  \nBERNARD TENENBAUM, CHRIS GREACEN, AND ASHISH SHRESTHA  \n© 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433  \nTelephone: 202-473-1000; [Internet: www.worldbank.org](Internet: www.worldbank.org)[ ](Internet: www.worldbank.org)Some rights reserved  \n1 2 3 4 27 26 25 24  \nBooks in this series are published to communicate the results of World Bank research, analysis, and operational experience with the least possible delay. The extent of language editing varies from book to book. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World  \nBank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.  \nNothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.  \nRights and Permissions  \nThis work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license), you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions:  \nAttribution—Please cite the work as follows: Tenenbaum, Bernard, Chris Greacen, and Ashish Shrestha. 2024. Mini Grid Solutions for Underserved Customers: New Insights from Nigeria and India. International Development in Focus. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-2055-7. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO  \nTranslations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation.  \nAdaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank.  \nThird-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component ofthe content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images.  \nAll queries on rights and licenses should be addre","cbCaijwTvHAT9nKT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijwTvHAT9nKT","pdf",33888027,3,1,268,"English","en",105,"# Foreword\n# Acknowledgments\n# About the Authors\n# Overview\n# Abbreviations\n# Introduction\n## The problem of poor electrical service\n## The purpose and organization of this book\n## Guide to the case studies presented in chapter 2\n# CHAPTER 1 Mini Grids in Undergrid Areas in Developing Countries\n## What is a mini grid?\n## Serving underserved areas\n## What is an interconnected mini grid?\n## Mini grid sales to, and purchases of electricity from, the Disco\n## The regulatory framework for interconnected mini grids\n## What is an isolated or non-interconnected mini grid?\n## The need for win-win-win business models\n## Two possible criticisms of the scope of this book\n# CHAPTER 2 Case Studies from Nigeria and India\n## Government and private sector approaches to promoting mini grids\n## Target markets for private interconnected mini grids in undergrid areas\n## Long-term power purchase agreements versus noncontractual sales\n## Overview of the case studies\n## Case 1: The Mokoloki mini grid project (Nigeria)\n## Case 2: The Toto interconnected mini grid (Nigeria)\n## Case 3: The Wuse market interconnected mini grid project (Nigeria)\n## Case 4: Tata Power’s Renewable Microgrids initiative (India)\n## Case 5: Husk Power Systems’ projects (India, Nigeria, and Tanzania)\n# CHAPTER 3 Regulatory Issues for Undergrid Mini Grids\n## Regulation: What is it?\n## Key points","[{\"question\":\"What does the book define as a mini grid and why is it relevant to underserved areas?\",\"answer\":\"The book explains mini grids and their role in serving underserved areas with improved electricity access. It distinguishes different mini grid configurations and their practical implications.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book compare interconnected mini grids with isolated or non-interconnected mini grids?\",\"answer\":\"It outlines what interconnected mini grids are and how electricity is bought and sold within a regulatory and market structure. It contrasts this with isolated or non-interconnected systems and the needs they address.\"},{\"question\":\"What types of case studies does the book include, and which regions do they focus on?\",\"answer\":\"Chapter 2 presents case studies from Nigeria and India, covering approaches by government and private sector actors. It includes five named projects, such as the Mokoloki and Toto mini grids in Nigeria and renewable microgrid initiatives in India.\"}]","Mini Grid Solutions for Underserved Customers - New Insights from Nigeria and India | PDF",1784499630,675,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":29},"mini-grid-solutions-for-underserved-customers-new-insights-from-nigeria-and-india","",{"@graph":37,"@context":86},[38,54,69],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,51],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technology/",{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/mini-grid-solutions-for-underserved-customers-new-insights-from-nigeria-and-india/113064/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":42,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-29","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What does the book define as a mini grid and why is it relevant to underserved areas?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"The book explains mini grids and their role in serving underserved areas with improved electricity access. It distinguishes different mini grid configurations and their practical implications.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"How does the book compare interconnected mini grids with isolated or non-interconnected mini grids?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"It outlines what interconnected mini grids are and how electricity is bought and sold within a regulatory and market structure. It contrasts this with isolated or non-interconnected systems and the needs they address.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"What types of case studies does the book include, and which regions do they focus on?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Chapter 2 presents case studies from Nigeria and India, covering approaches by government and private sector actors. 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