[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-148199-105":59,"doc-detail-148199-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","mind-the-gaps-the-fraught-road-to-quantum-advantage","Mind the gaps: The fraught road to quantum advantage","","Quantum computing is progressing quickly, but a major gap persists between today’s noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices and future fault-tolerant, application-scale quantum (FASQ) machines. The article identifies four interconnected hurdles: moving from error mitigation to active detection and correction, scaling fault tolerance, advancing from early heuristics to mature verifiable algorithms, and transitioning from exploratory simulators to credible quantum advantage in simulation. Bridging these steps is framed as essential for broadly useful progress toward practical quantum applications.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/mind-the-gaps-the-fraught-road-to-quantum-advantage/148199/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/mind-the-gaps-the-fraught-road-to-quantum-advantage/148199.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"River Wang","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-08-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":56},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What four hurdles must be addressed on the road to quantum advantage?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The article highlights: (i) shifting from error mitigation to active error detection and correction, (ii) progressing from rudimentary error correction to scalable fault tolerance, (iii) developing from early heuristics to mature, verifiable algorithms, and (iv) moving from exploratory simulators to credible advantage in quantum simulation.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the article structure the journey from NISQ to FASQ?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It proposes two stages: first crossing from today’s error mitigation toward error-corrected devices that preserve quantum information longer, and then using these extended memory times to realize universal fault-tolerant computers for hard problems.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What criteria should a proposed quantum computing application satisfy?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It should run efficiently with quantifiable and reachable quantum resources, include a persuasive argument that any classical approach takes much longer, and produce an answer that matters to someone—scientifically, economically, or societally.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},148199,1787777148,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":56,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1099514067438,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539ee87300030?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780474512215547542","arXiv :2510 . 19928v3 [ quant-ph] 21 May 2026  \nMind the gaps: The fraught road to quantum advantage  \nJens Eisert 1, 2, 3 and John Preskill4, 5  \n1 Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany  \n2Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany  \n3 Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, 10587 Berlin, Germany 4 Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, CA 91125, USA 5 AWS Center for Quantum Computing, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA  \nQuantum computing is advancing rapidly, yet substantial gaps separate today’s noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices from tomorrow’s fault-tolerant application-scale quantum (FASQ) machines. We identify four related hurdles along the road ahead: (i) from error mitigation to active error detection and correction,(ii) from rudimentary error correction to scalable fault tolerance,(iii) from early heuristics to mature, verifiable algorithms, and (iv) from exploratory simulators to credible advantage in quantum simulation. Targeting these transitions will accelerate progress toward broadly useful quantum computing.  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nQuantum computers harness principles of quantum physics to solve some problems dramatically faster than conventional computers. The potential power of quantum computing was recognized in the 1980s [1], and interest in the topic skyrocketed in the 1990s when algorithms were discovered that, in principle, would allow quantum computers to break cryptosystems that are widely used to protect the privacy of digital communication [2] .  \nThese developments stirred experimental physicists to pursue quantum computing hardware, but for several decades experiment lagged far behind theory. This is now changing. So-called noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers now exist of sufficient size and accuracy that some tasks performed by the quantum machine are too complex to be emulated by the most powerful available conventional supercomputers [3–6] . NISQ technology is an impressive feat of engineering and opens exciting opportunities to explore quantum physics in previously inaccessible regimes. But quantum computations that are practically useful and economically viable have not yet been achieved, nor is it clear when that might happen.  \nQuantum hardware platforms are advancing steadily, but no one knows when quantum computers will run applications that broadly benefit society.  \nThe promise of quantum computing has attracted enthusiastic attention from companies, investors, and governments, as well as scientists, fueling the progress of NISQ technology. But NISQ computers are not error corrected, and the relatively high gate error rates of today’s NISQ devices severely limit their computational power; therefore, no immediate practical uses of this technology have emerged to date. It has long been known how to overcome this limitation [7] . NISQ technology will be superseded by fault-tolerant application-scale quantum (FASQ) computers that exploit quantum error-correcting codes to run a wide variety of useful applications. Quantum hardware has reached a sufficiently advanced stage that the voyage from NISQ to FASQ is gathering momentum in companies and research laboratories. We can envision fault-tolerant quantum  \ncomputers with logical gate error rates that are many orders of magnitude better than the underlying physical gate error rates of hardware platforms. But this transition, still nascent, will unfold gradually on a timescale that remains highly uncertain, primarily because building a large-scale quantum computer entails a colossal engineering challenge.  \nThe path from NISQ to FASQ is likely to be arduous, expensive, and prolonged.  \nThe divide between NISQ and FASQ is a particularly daunting gap that must be bridged to realize the full potential of quantum computing. In this perspective article, we highlight this and several other gaps that require the at","cbCaipPFHRhaMBhy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipPFHRhaMBhy","pdf",377964,14,"English","# Introduction\n## NISQ vs FASQ: the central gap\n## Staged roadmap toward fault tolerance\n## Criteria for practical quantum advantage","[{\"question\":\"What four hurdles must be addressed on the road to quantum advantage?\",\"answer\":\"The article highlights: (i) shifting from error mitigation to active error detection and correction, (ii) progressing from rudimentary error correction to scalable fault tolerance, (iii) developing from early heuristics to mature, verifiable algorithms, and (iv) moving from exploratory simulators to credible advantage in quantum simulation.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article structure the journey from NISQ to FASQ?\",\"answer\":\"It proposes two stages: first crossing from today’s error mitigation toward error-corrected devices that preserve quantum information longer, and then using these extended memory times to realize universal fault-tolerant computers for hard problems.\"},{\"question\":\"What criteria should a proposed quantum computing application satisfy?\",\"answer\":\"It should run efficiently with quantifiable and reachable quantum resources, include a persuasive argument that any classical approach takes much longer, and produce an answer that matters to someone—scientifically, economically, or societally.\"}]","Mind the gaps: The fraught road to quantum advantage | PDF",35]