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Forward bias triggers ion migration, causing impaired charge transport, macroscopic defect growth, and worse response to brief light soaking; recovery occurs during postbias rest, yet increased recombination persists due to ion redistribution. Outdoor data from Berlin over 20 months show aligned dynamics with these phases, enabling illumination-free outdoor-mimicking aging tests.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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aging procedure does the paper propose to mimic outdoor conditions?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It applies prolonged forward bias in complete darkness, then follows with a dark postbias rest (postbias rest) phase.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What degradation mechanisms occur during forward bias under dark conditions?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Ion migration impedes charge transport, increases macroscopic defect growth, and leads to an adverse response after short light soaking.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How does the postbias rest phase affect the cells and what issue remains?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The cells recover during postbias rest, but increased recombination remains due to redistribution of 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\n\n| [http://pubs.acs.org/journal/aelccp](http://pubs.acs.org/journal/aelccp)\u003Cbr>Mimicking Outdoor Ion Migration in Perovskite Solar Cells: A Forward Bias, NoLight Accelerated Aging Approach\u003Cbr>Ulas Erdil, Mark Khenkin, * Marko Remec, Quiterie Emery, Vediappan Sudhakar, Rutger Schlatmann, Antonio Abate, Eugene A. Katz, and Carolin Ulbrich\u003Cbr> Cite This: ACS Energy Lett. 2025, 10, 1529−1537\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr> Read Online |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| ACCESS   | Metrics & More |  |  Article Recommendations |  | *sı Supporting Information |\n\nABSTRACT: Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are expected to transform the photovoltaic market; however, their unproven operational stability requires urgent attention, particularly accelerated aging tests. Currently, illumination is the primary stressor in such tests. In this work, we present an accelerated aging procedure consisting of prolonged forward biasing followed by a dark storage (postbias rest) phase, conducted entirely in the dark. During aging under forward bias, ion migration led to impeded charge transport, macroscopic defect growth, and an adverse response of the cells to short light soaking, all of which recovered in the postbias rest phase, yet resulted in increased recombination due to redistribution of ions. We found that outdoor operation of PSCs in Berlin, Germany, over a 20-month period exhibited  \nsimilar dynamics, with periods of higher temperature and irradiance (spring-summer) aligning with the forward bias phase and cooler, dimmer periods (fall−winter) aligning with the postbias rest phase. This paves the way for accelerated aging tests that can mimic ion migration-induced degradation outdoors without requiring an illumination source.  \nAlthough perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs) achieved  \nhigh efficiency1 and promise a low levelized cost of  \nelectricity,2 the long-term stability of PSCs is still behind that of commercial silicon-based photovoltaic technologies.3 Conducting accelerated aging tests, where PSCs are exposed to higher stress levels than encountered at real operation conditions, is a common practice to quickly investigate stability with the ultimate goal of lifetime prediction.4 This is inevitable because investigating degradation under real operation conditions requires a significant amount of time as the technology matures, reaching an estimated lifetime of tens of thousands of hours.5 However, outdoor tests remain mandatory to validate that the degradation mechanisms and trends simulated via accelerated aging tests are relevant to real operation conditions.6 In this direction, the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability (ISOS) protocols define the frameworks of both indoor and outdoor stability tests of PSCs.7  \nPSCs are susceptible to various stressors and can experience multiple degradation mechanisms,8,9 sometimes dominated by a single mechanism10 or involving several competing ones.11 Perhaps the most common origin for a variety of degradation mechanisms in PSCs is the migration of mobile ions, an intrinsic phenomenon in perovskite absorber.12 The soft perovskite structure, combined with its low defect formation energy, readily facilitates ion migration when subjected to  \nstressors 13 such as illumination, 14−16 temperature, 17 and external bias.18, 19 Given that PSCs will operate at maximum power point (MPP), which corresponds to a forward bias, during outdoor operation,7 mobile ions will experience an electric field that drives their migration.20 One straightforward way to simulate this bias condition and investigate ion migration-induced degradation is to apply continuous forward bias (positive voltage) in the dark, also referred to as the ISOSV-1 protocol.7  \nIn this direction, Bae and colleagues found that PSCs undergo rapid degradation due to ion migration when the applied voltage is higher than the built-in voltage or opencircuit voltage (VOC).21 Later, Di Girolamo et ","cbCaip6oBMFAB8jV","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaip6oBMFAB8jV","pdf",4028090,"English","# Abstract\n## Accelerated aging procedure without illumination\n## Ion migration effects during forward bias\n## Postbias rest recovery and residual recombination\n## Outdoor validation in Berlin and phase alignment\n## Background: stability limits and ISOS protocols\n## Mobile ion migration and electric-field-driven degradation\n## ISOSV-1 and prior bias-induced degradation findings","[{\"question\":\"What aging procedure does the paper propose to mimic outdoor conditions?\",\"answer\":\"It applies prolonged forward bias in complete darkness, then follows with a dark postbias rest (postbias rest) phase.\"},{\"question\":\"What degradation mechanisms occur during forward bias under dark conditions?\",\"answer\":\"Ion migration impedes charge transport, increases macroscopic defect growth, and leads to an adverse response after short light soaking.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the postbias rest phase affect the cells and what issue remains?\",\"answer\":\"The cells recover during postbias rest, but increased recombination remains due to redistribution of ions.\"}]","Mimicking Outdoor Ion Migration in Perovskite Solar Cells - A Forward Bias, NoLight Accelerated Aging Approach | PDF",1790002173,23]