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The paper reports three patients with radioactive particle migration into the paravertebral venous system, including long-term follow-up. Case presentations: detailed imaging findings after brachytherapy show individual or multiple seeds displaced into the paravertebral venous system, with subsequent clinical courses and PSA outcomes. Conclusion: despite extreme rarity, migration does not appear to markedly reduce treatment efficacy or long-term prognosis.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/migration-of-radioactive-seeds-to-the-paravertebral-venous-system-after-prostate-cancer-brachytherapy-case-series-and-literature-review/359142/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/migration-of-radioactive-seeds-to-the-paravertebral-venous-system-after-prostate-cancer-brachytherapy-case-series-and-literature-review/359142.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Margaret","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What complication is described after prostate cancer brachytherapy in this case series?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Radioactive seeds (I-125) migrate into the paravertebral venous system, which is described as extremely rare.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were the patients’ seed migration findings detected?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Post-operative imaging (KUB and pelvic CT) showed seeds displaced into the paravertebral venous system, with additional follow-up assessments such as bone scans.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Does seed migration to the paravertebral venous system significantly affect outcomes?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The conclusion states that, although rare, migration does not seem to significantly affect treatment efficacy or long-term prognosis.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},359142,1790342432,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},137451207643,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Zhang BMC Urology (2026) 26:76  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-026-02081-w](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-026-02081-w)  \nBMC Urology  \nCASE REPORT Open Access  \nMigration of radioactive seeds to the paravertebral venous system after prostate cancer brachytherapy: a case series and literature review  \nYouyun Zhang1*  \nAbstract  \nBackground At our institution, we began using I-125 prostate brachytherapy in 2009. To date, approximately  \n510 patients have been treated, and we have observed only 14 cases of seed migration. We present three cases of prostate brachytherapy radioactive particles migration to the Paravertebral Venous System with long-term follow up. Case presentation Case 1: A 76-year-old male with intermediate-risk prostate carcinoma (clinical stage T2cN0M0; Gleason score3 + 4; prostate-specific antigen level of 18. 51) underwent brachytherapy(I-125) . Postoperation pelvic CT scan shown one seed were migrated to the Paravertebral Venous System. Case 2: Male, 77 years old, initial PSA 23.75 ng/ml, ECT shown no obvious abnormal signs. Biopsy pathology: (bilateral) prostate cancer, Gleason score 4 + 3, The pelvic CT scan shown one seed was displaced to the Paravertebral Venous System. Case 3: A 77-year-old Male whose initial PSA49 .19 ng/ml, ECT shown third lumbar vertebrae bone metastasis suspected. Right prostate gland cancer Gleason score 4 + 5=9 . T2N0M1 . Endocrine therapy was started immediately post-surgery. Post-operative imaging on day 1 revealed two seeds had migrated into the paravertebral venous system.The patient in case1 who declined endocrine therapy passed away at 60 months post-surgery. The others shows satisfactory results in terms of PSA. Adding endocrine therapy timely may achieve better results.  \nConclusion Although migration of radioactive particles to the paravertebral venous system after prostate cancer brachytherapy is extremely rare, it does not seem to significantly affect treatment efficacy or the long-term prognosis of patients.  \nKeywords Prostate cancer, Brachytherapy, I-125 seed, Seed migration, Vertebral venous plexus  \n*Correspondence: Youyun Zhang [zhangyouyun@zju.edu.cn](zhangyouyun@zju.edu.cn)  \n1Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China  \n© The Author(s) 2026. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creati](http://creati)[vecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/](vecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.)[.](vecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.)  \nZhang BMC Urology (2026) 26:76  \nIntroduction  \nThe incidence of prostate cancer has risen significantly, and with it, the application of brachytherapy as a treatment option for localized, low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancers. Particle migration is a common complication of brachytherapy, though its migration to the paravertebral venous system is extremely rare. To date, only five cases have been reported globally. In this institution, prostate cancer brachytherapy has been performed since February 2009, with over 510 cases treated by Februa","cbCaim9tyKWhZy3m","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaim9tyKWhZy3m","pdf",1613179,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Case presentation\n## Case 1\n## Case 2","[{\"question\":\"What complication is described after prostate cancer brachytherapy in this case series?\",\"answer\":\"Radioactive seeds (I-125) migrate into the paravertebral venous system, which is described as extremely rare.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the patients’ seed migration findings detected?\",\"answer\":\"Post-operative imaging (KUB and pelvic CT) showed seeds displaced into the paravertebral venous system, with additional follow-up assessments such as bone scans.\"},{\"question\":\"Does seed migration to the paravertebral venous system significantly affect outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"The conclusion states that, although rare, migration does not seem to significantly affect treatment efficacy or long-term prognosis.\"}]","Migration of radioactive seeds to the paravertebral venous system after prostate cancer brachytherapy - case series and literature review | PDF",1790136228,18]