[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-331287-105":59,"doc-detail-331287-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","micrornas-in-genitourinary-malignancies-an-exciting-frontier-of-cancer-diagnostics-and-therapeutics","MicroRNAs in Genitourinary Malignancies - An Exciting Frontier of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics","","Genitourinary (GU) malignancies—including prostate, urothelial, kidney, testicular, penile, and adrenocortical cancers—represent a substantial global cancer burden. Although meaningful advances have improved management, clinical outcomes still allow for further progress. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as noncoding RNAs regulating post-transcription gene expression, participate in multiple carcinogenesis mechanisms, supporting personalized cancer therapy. The review maps miRNAs in GU malignancies as diagnostics, therapeutics, and response biomarkers, outlining a promising cancer-treatment frontier.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/micrornas-in-genitourinary-malignancies-an-exciting-frontier-of-cancer-diagnostics-and-therapeutics/331287/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/micrornas-in-genitourinary-malignancies-an-exciting-frontier-of-cancer-diagnostics-and-therapeutics/331287.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Levi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are microRNAs (miRNAs) and what do they regulate?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression after transcription or at translation, influencing targets through sequence complementarity and expression levels.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How can changes in miRNA expression contribute to cancer?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Both increased and decreased miRNA expression have been implicated in malignancies; tumor suppressor miRNAs can inhibit oncogene expression, while oncogenic miRNAs can promote oncogenesis or suppress tumor suppressor genes.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How are miRNAs used in genitourinary (GU) malignancies according to the review?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review describes miRNAs as diagnostics, therapeutics, and biomarkers of treatment response for GU cancers, highlighting mechanisms such as altered expression and pathway targeting.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},331287,1790168071,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":31},7971461740909,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Review  \nMicroRNAs in Genitourinary Malignancies: An Exciting Frontier of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics  \nNikhita Kathuria-Prakash 1, Pranali Dave 2, Lizette Garcia 3, Paige Brown 4 and Alexandra Drakaki 1, *  \nCitation: Kathuria-Prakash, N.; Dave, P.; Garcia, L.; Brown, P.; Drakaki, A. MicroRNAs in Genitourinary Malignancies: An Exciting Frontier of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9499. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179499](doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179499)  \nAcademic Editor: Daniela Taverna  \nReceived: 31 July 2024  \nRevised: 27 August 2024  \nAccepted: 30 August 2024  \nPublished: 31 August 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; [nkathuria@mednet.ucla.edu](nkathuria@mednet.ucla.edu)  \n2 School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA 92324, USA; [pranalirdave@gmail.com](pranalirdave@gmail.com)  \n3 Division of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; [lizettegarcia@mednet.ucla.edu](lizettegarcia@mednet.ucla.edu)  \n4 Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; [pebrown@mednet.ucla.edu](pebrown@mednet.ucla.edu)  \n* Correspondence: [adrakaki@mednet.ucla.edu](adrakaki@mednet.ucla.edu)  \nAbstract: Genitourinary (GU) malignancies, including prostate, urothelial, kidney, testicular, penile, and adrenocortical cancers, comprise a significant burden of cancers worldwide. While many practicechanging advances have been made in the management of GU malignancies in the last decade, thereis still significant room for improvement. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that regulate post-transcription gene expression and which have been implicated in multiple mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Therefore, they have the potential to revolutionize personalized cancer therapy, with several ongoing preclinical and clinical studies underway to investigate their efficacy. In this review, we describe the current landscape of miRNAs as diagnostics, therapeutics, and biomarkers of response for GU malignancies, reflecting a novel frontier in cancer treatment.  \nKeywords: MicroRNA; genitourinary cancers; prostate cancer; urothelial cancer; kidney cancer; testicular cancer; adrenocortical cancer  \n1. Introduction  \nMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that regulate gene expression after transcription or at translation. MiRNAs range from 18 to 24 nucleotides (nt) in length, averaging 22 nt in humans [1] . It is estimated that 30% of human mRNAs are regulated by miRNAs at the 3′ untranslated region (UTR), and even more mRNAs are regulated by miRNAs when binding to the 5′UTR and the open reading frame (ORF) region are considered [2] . The outcome of interactions between miRNAs and their target mRNA molecules is dependent on bond complementarity and the expression levels of each molecule [3] . A single miRNA molecule can regulate many gene targets, and each mRNA molecule can be inhibited by different miRNAs [2] . Endogenous miRNAs support several cell processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metabolism, and DNA repair.  \nChanges in miRNAs can induce carcinogenesis and cancer proliferation. Both increased and decreased expression of miRNAs have been implicated in many malignancies. MiRNAs can repress mRNA translation in humans through recognition of sequences in the 3′ -UTR of mRNA that can be silenced by other ncRNAs [4] . Additional studies compared the ","cbCaicrQ95MSQ166","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicrQ95MSQ166","pdf",3263014,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction\n## MicroRNAs: regulation and function\n## miRNA dysregulation and links to cancer\n## GU malignancies and miRNA involvement","[{\"question\":\"What are microRNAs (miRNAs) and what do they regulate?\",\"answer\":\"miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression after transcription or at translation, influencing targets through sequence complementarity and expression levels.\"},{\"question\":\"How can changes in miRNA expression contribute to cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Both increased and decreased miRNA expression have been implicated in malignancies; tumor suppressor miRNAs can inhibit oncogene expression, while oncogenic miRNAs can promote oncogenesis or suppress tumor suppressor genes.\"},{\"question\":\"How are miRNAs used in genitourinary (GU) malignancies according to the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review describes miRNAs as diagnostics, therapeutics, and biomarkers of treatment response for GU cancers, highlighting mechanisms such as altered expression and pathway targeting.\"}]","MicroRNAs in Genitourinary Malignancies - An Exciting Frontier of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics | PDF",1789992543]