[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-148874-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-148874-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","micrornas-in-development-and-disease-2011-review","MicroRNAs in Development and Disease - 2011 - Review","","MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are posttranscriptional regulators that add an additional layer to gene regulation complexity. More than 10,000 miRNAs have been identified across species, and 940 are reported in humans. Evidence suggests over 60% of human protein-coding genes contain miRNA target sites in their 3′-untranslated region, enabling regulation in health and disease. This review outlines miRNA discovery, structure, function, then details roles in development and pathogenesis across mammalian organs, concluding with therapeutic advances.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/micrornas-in-development-and-disease-2011-review/148874/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/micrornas-in-development-and-disease-2011-review/148874.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"River Wang","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-08-26",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What are microRNAs and how do they regulate gene expression?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"MicroRNAs are posttranscriptional regulators that can inhibit translation by binding to target sites, such as complementary sequences in the 3′-UTR, without necessarily affecting mRNA stability. Their coordinated inhibition can function as a molecular switch.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How many microRNAs are known in humans, and what proportion of protein-coding genes may be targeted?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Over 10,000 miRNAs have been identified across species, and 940 miRNAs are found in humans to date. It is estimated that more than 60% of human protein-coding genes contain miRNA target sites in the 3′-UTR and are thus potentially regulated in health and disease.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What topics does the review cover regarding organ development and disease?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The review describes miRNA discovery, structure, and function, then elaborates on miRNA roles during development and pathogenesis across multiple mammalian organs, including vascular system, heart, brain, kidney, lung, liver, pancreas, skin, and several cancers. It also summarizes advances in using miRNAs in therapeutics.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},148874,1787787019,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":80,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1099514067438,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539ee87300030?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780474512215547542","Physiol Rev 91: 827–887, 2011  \ndoi:10.1152/physrev.00006.2010  \nMICRORNAS IN DEVELOPMENT AND DISEASE  \nDanish Sayed and Maha Abdellatif  \nCardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey  \nSayed D, Abdellatif M. MicroRNAs in Development and Disease. Physiol Rev 91: 827–887, 2011; doi:10.1152/physrev.00006.2010.—MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of posttranscriptional regulators that have recently introduced an additional level of intricacy to our understanding of gene regulation. There are currently over 10,000 miRNAs that have been identified in a range of species including metazoa, mycetozoa, viridiplantae, and viruses, of which 940, to date, are found in humans. It is estimated that more than 60% of human protein-coding genes harbor miRNA target sites in their 3 = untranslated region and, thus, are potentially regulated by these molecules in health and disease. This review will first briefly describe the discovery, structure, and mode of function of miRNAs in mammalian cells, before elaborating on their roles and significance during development and pathogenesis in the various mammalian organs, while attempting to reconcile their functions with our existing knowledge of their targets. Finally, we will summarize some of the advances made in utilizing miRNAs in therapeutics.  \nI. INTRODUCTION 827  \nII. MicroRNAs IN THE VASCULAR SYSTEM 831  \nIII. MicroRNAs IN THE... 833  \nIV. MicroRNAs IN THE HEART 841  \nV. MicroRNAs IN SKELETAL MUSCLE 846  \nVI. miRNAs IN THE BRAIN 849  \nVII. MicroRNAs IN THE KIDNEY 854  \nVIII. MicroRNAs IN THE LUNG 855  \nIX. MicroRNAs IN THE LIVER 857  \nX. MicroRNAs IN THE PANCREAS 858  \nXI. MicroRNAs IN THE SKIN 860  \nXII. MicroRNAs IN COLON CANCER 861  \nXIII. MicroRNAs IN BREAST CANCER 862  \nXIV. MicroRNAs IN OVARIAN CANCER 866  \nXV. MicroRNAs IN PROSTATE CANCER 867  \nXVI. EXPLOITING MicroRNAs IN... 867  \nXVII. CONCLUSION 868  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nA. The Discovery of MicroRNAs and Their Significance  \nIn 1993, discovering that lin-4 is a 22-ribonucleotide-long molecule that negatively regulates lin-14, not only identified the first microRNA (miRNA), but also revealed their functional relevance (341) . Lin-4 is one of the heterochronic genes that are involved in temporal regulation of “larva-toadult switch” in Caenorhabditis elegans via inhibiting the expression of lin-14 and lin-28 (10) . Accordingly, loss of lin-4 results in inappropriate “reiteration of cell lineages”during later developmental stages, which is a sign of perturbed developmental timing (81) . After cloning the lin-4  \ngene, it was surprising to find that it had no substantial open reading frame, but did generate two RNA products, 􀀁61 and 22 nucleotides (nt) long, which are now recognized asthe premature and mature forms of lin-4, respectively (341) . The mature form is complementary to repeat sequencesin the 3 =-untranslated region (UTR) of lin-14 mRNA (341) via which it inhibits its translation without affecting its stability (461) . A similar mechanism was later ascribed to let-7 and its regulation of a set of genes that included lin-14, lin-28, lin-41, lin-42, and daf-12 in C. elegans, where if over- or underexpressed resulted in premature development or reiteration of cell lineages (506) . These findings reveal two aspects of miRNA’s unique functionality: 1) precise regulation of the timing of a cellular event via 2) synchronous inhibition of a cadre of genes that are functionally interdependent, thus operating as an efficient molecular switch. This mode of function circumvents the need for transcriptional regulation of individual genes and is, thus, potentially faster and more energy efficient, consistent with what Beyer et al. referred to as translation regulation “on demand”  \n(40) . Furthermore, posttranscriptional coregulation of functionally related genes is well supported by two observations: 1) the positive correlation between mRNA and pr","cbCairfcHeXyEoya","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairfcHeXyEoya","pdf",4027529,61,"English","# MicroRNAs in Development and Disease\n## Introduction\n## MicroRNAs in the Vascular System\n## MicroRNAs in the Heart\n## miRNAs in the Brain\n## MicroRNAs in the Kidney\n## MicroRNAs in the Lung\n## MicroRNAs in the Liver\n## MicroRNAs in the Pancreas\n## MicroRNAs in the Skin\n## MicroRNAs in Colon Cancer\n## MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer\n## MicroRNAs in Ovarian Cancer\n## MicroRNAs in Prostate Cancer\n## Exploiting MicroRNAs in Therapeutics\n## Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What are microRNAs and how do they regulate gene expression?\",\"answer\":\"MicroRNAs are posttranscriptional regulators that can inhibit translation by binding to target sites, such as complementary sequences in the 3′-UTR, without necessarily affecting mRNA stability. Their coordinated inhibition can function as a molecular switch.\"},{\"question\":\"How many microRNAs are known in humans, and what proportion of protein-coding genes may be targeted?\",\"answer\":\"Over 10,000 miRNAs have been identified across species, and 940 miRNAs are found in humans to date. It is estimated that more than 60% of human protein-coding genes contain miRNA target sites in the 3′-UTR and are thus potentially regulated in health and disease.\"},{\"question\":\"What topics does the review cover regarding organ development and disease?\",\"answer\":\"The review describes miRNA discovery, structure, and function, then elaborates on miRNA roles during development and pathogenesis across multiple mammalian organs, including vascular system, heart, brain, kidney, lung, liver, pancreas, skin, and several cancers. It also summarizes advances in using miRNAs in therapeutics.\"}]","MicroRNAs in Development and Disease - 2011 - Review | PDF",154]