[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-441672-105":59,"doc-detail-441672-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","microengineered-discoid-liver-platforms-bridging-geometry-functions-and-scalability","Microengineered discoid liver platforms - bridging geometry, functions, and scalability","","Editorial commentary addressing an emerging human liver tissue bioprinting strategy based on 3D-printed co-culture discoid constructs. The approach emphasizes disc-shaped geometry to better reflect in vivo conditions, enables spatial organization for cell-cell crosstalk, and supports stable functional output across extended culture. Using PEG microgels as cytocompatible support media, the model sustains albumin and urea production, evaluates ADME-related gene expression, enzymatic activity, and metabolic responses to test compounds over 21 days while discussing scalability and fabrication challenges.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/microengineered-discoid-liver-platforms-bridging-geometry-functions-and-scalability/441672/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/microengineered-discoid-liver-platforms-bridging-geometry-functions-and-scalability/441672.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Angel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the key bioprinting idea behind the microengineered discoid liver platforms?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The strategy uses 3D bioprinting to create disc-shaped (discoid) liver constructs using PEG microgels as support media, enabling spatial arrangement and improved cell-cell interactions.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the model evaluate liver functionality?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It assesses stable albumin and urea production, hepatic enzymatic activities, and gene expressions linked to ADME, along with metabolic activity toward test compounds.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What scalability advantages does the platform claim?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The constructs are printed at a rate exceeding one tissue per minute, allowing production of 96 tissues in about an hour, while maintaining functional markers over extended culture.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},441672,1790829945,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":19,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":52,"preview_page_count":4},687207412472,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Editorial Commentary | Emerging Medical Technology Innovation and Translation   \nMicroengineered discoid liver platforms: bridging geometry, functions, and scalability  \nDae-Hyeon Song1^, Navneet Kaur1^, Ibrahim T. Ozbolat1,2,3,4,5,6^  \n1Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA; 2The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA; 3Biomedical Engineering Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA; 4Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA; 5Cancer Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA; 6Neurosurgery Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA  \nCorrespondence to: Ibrahim T. Ozbolat, PhD. Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, W313 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA; Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA; Cancer Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA; Neurosurgery Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA. Email: [ito1@psu.edu](ito1@psu.edu).  \nComment on: Subramaniam V, Abrahan C, Higgins BR, et al. A functional human liver tissue model: 3D bioprinted co-culture discoids. Biomater Adv 2025;173:214288 .  \nKeywords: Liver tissue model; discoids; 3D bioprinting; microgels; 3D culture  \nSubmitted Aug 16, 2025. Accepted for publication Oct 31, 2025. Published online Dec 24, 2025.  \ndoi: 10.21037/atm-25-123  \nView this article at: [https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-25-123](https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-25-123)  \nIn the article entitled “A functional human liver tissue model: 3D bioprinted co-culture discoids,” published in Biomater Adv, the authors present a human liver tissue bioprinting strategy capable of fabricating disc-shaped (discoid) liver constructs with a thickness of approximately 200 μm and a diameter of up to 3 mm (1) . The authors’approach addresses several key limitations in liver tissue engineering. First, the discoid geometry better reflects the in vivo conditions than typical spheroid or monolayer cultures. Second, the bioprinting strategy enables spatial arrangement, promoting intercellular crosstalk that is critical for liver-specific functions. Importantly, the model demonstrates stable functional output over extended culture periods, making it a potentially useful platform for pharmacological applications. Initially, spherical polyethylene glycol (PEG) microgels were fabricated and used as support media during bioprinting. Hepatocytes, epithelial cells, and type I collagen were mixed to prepare a solution, which was extruded into PEG microgels. Among the epithelial cells, hepatocytes were primarily  \nco-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to enhance hepatic functions, such as albumin and urea synthesis. In addition to demonstrating hepatocyte function, the study further characterized gene expressions related to absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), as well as hepatic enzymatic activities within the bioprinted discoid liver model. Therefore, this article highlights the potential of the three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted discoid liver model as an encouraging but preliminary platform for pharmacological applications.  \nVarious biological liver models, including those derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have been widely utilized in liver-related studies (2-4) . While twodimensional (2D) monolayer cultures remain commonly used, 3D liver models have gained increasing attention due to their ability to better recapitulate in vivo-like functions through enhanced cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions (5) . To further improve the functional performance of 3D liver tissue models and fac","cbCaifJEkHJr77YG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifJEkHJr77YG","pdf",121168,"English","# Editorial Commentary: Emerging Medical Technology Innovation and Translation\n## Microengineered discoid liver platforms: bridging geometry, functions, and scalability\n## Functional output, ADME, and metabolic activity\n## Scalability and manufacturing considerations","[{\"question\":\"What is the key bioprinting idea behind the microengineered discoid liver platforms?\",\"answer\":\"The strategy uses 3D bioprinting to create disc-shaped (discoid) liver constructs using PEG microgels as support media, enabling spatial arrangement and improved cell-cell interactions.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the model evaluate liver functionality?\",\"answer\":\"It assesses stable albumin and urea production, hepatic enzymatic activities, and gene expressions linked to ADME, along with metabolic activity toward test compounds.\"},{\"question\":\"What scalability advantages does the platform claim?\",\"answer\":\"The constructs are printed at a rate exceeding one tissue per minute, allowing production of 96 tissues in about an hour, while maintaining functional markers over extended culture.\"}]","Microengineered discoid liver platforms - bridging geometry, functions, and scalability | PDF",1790697048]