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DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1507355  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nSheila Spada,  \nHospital Physiotherapy Institutes (IRCCS), Italy  \nREVIEWED BY  \nBiagio Barone,  \nASL Napoli 1 Centro, Italy Lorenzo Romano,  \nUniversity of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nHuanglin Duan  \n [15779831179@163.com](15779831179@163.com)  \n†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship  \nRECEIVED 07 October 2024  \nACCEPTED 18 November 2024  \nPUBLISHED 05 December 2024  \nCITATION  \nZou J, Xu B, Gao H, Luo P, Chen T and Duan H (2024) Microbiome in urologic neoplasms: focusing on tumor immunity.  \nFront. Immunol. 15:1507355 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1507355  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2024 Zou, Xu, Gao, Luo, Chen and Duan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nMicrobiome in urologic neoplasms: focusing on tumor immunity  \nJun Zou 1†, Baisheng Xu 2†, Hongbing Gao 2†, Peiyue Luo 3, Tao Chen 3 and Huanglin Duan 2*  \n1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Fengcheng Hospital of Yichun University, Fengcheng, Jiangxi, China, 2 Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Xiushui, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China, 3The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China  \nUrological tumors are an important disease affecting global human health, and their pathogenesis and treatment have been the focus of medical research. With the in-depth study of microbiomics, the role of the microbiome in urological tumors has gradually attracted attention. However, the current research on tumor -associated microorganisms mostly focuses on one type or one site, and currently, there is a lack of attention to the microbiome in the immunity and immunotherapy of urological tumors. Therefore, in this paper, we systematically review the distribution characteristics of the microbiome (including microorganisms in the gut, urine, and tumor tissues) in urologic tumors, the relationship with disease prognosis, and the potential mechanisms of microbial roles in immunotherapy. In particular, we focus on the molecular mechanisms by which the microbiome at different sites influences tumor immunity through multiple “ messengers ” and pathways . We aim to further deepen the understanding of microbiome mechanisms in urologic tumors, and also point out the direction for the future development of immunotherapy forurologic tumors.  \nKEYWORDS  \nmicrobiome, urologic neoplasms, tumor immunity, immunotherapy, inflammation  \n1 Introduction  \nUrologic tumors commonly include prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and kidney cancer. They not only pose a great threat to the life and health of patients but also put a heavy burden on the global healthcare system. Epidemiological data surveys show that in 2020, the global incidence of prostate cancer was 1,414,259, that of bladder cancer was 573,278, and that of renal cancer was 431,288, resulting in 375,304, 212,536, and 179,368 deaths respectively (1, 2) . Compared with the previous year, the incidence rates of the three diseases have increased significantly (3). In addition, all three diseases showed an increasing incidence with age, which was especially evident above 50 years of age. In addition, they also exhibit significant gender differences (3, 4) . These figures present a dismal situation.  \nFrontiers in Immunology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \nMoreover, with the trend of population aging and economic development, the incidence of these diseases will continue to increase, and the resulting burden will also increase (5) . The occurren","cbCaicyX77Iynl7h","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicyX77Iynl7h","pdf",2464145,16,"English","# Introduction\n## Urological tumor burden and epidemiology\n## Factors influencing urologic tumor pathogenesis\n## Current treatments and unmet needs\n## Microbiome concepts and relevance to tumor immunity","[{\"question\":\"Which urological cancers are discussed in the introduction?\",\"answer\":\"The introduction highlights prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and kidney cancer as common forms of urologic tumors.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the main focus regarding the microbiome?\",\"answer\":\"The paper focuses on how microbiome communities in gut, urine, and tumor tissues influence tumor immunity and immunotherapy through multiple messengers and pathways.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the review relate microbiome research to prognosis and immunotherapy?\",\"answer\":\"It summarizes the distribution characteristics of the microbiome and discusses associations between microbial features and disease prognosis, alongside potential mechanisms underlying immunotherapy responses.\"}]","Microbiome in urologic neoplasms: focusing on tumor immunity - review | PDF",1789999801]