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Current research focuses on two areas: non-coding RNA, especially microRNA and long non-coding RNA, and microbiota. Findings suggest that microRNA can influence gut bacteria that promote pancreatic carcinogenesis, while the microbiome in turn shapes microRNA behavior. Together, combined microbiome–noncoding RNA effects may suppress PDAC development, though diagnosis, treatment, and prevention remain underexplored. This review synthesizes molecular carcinogenesis mechanisms, the two-sided non-coding RNA impacts, pancreatic cancer microbiome roles, and potential clinical implications.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/microbiome-and-microrna-or-long-non-coding-rna-two-modern-approaches-to-understanding-pancreatic-ductal-adenocarcinoma-abstract/378189/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/microbiome-and-microrna-or-long-non-coding-rna-two-modern-approaches-to-understanding-pancreatic-ductal-adenocarcinoma-abstract/378189.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rizky","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How do microRNA and the microbiome relate to PDAC development?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"MicroRNA can affect specific bacteria in the gut microbiome that promote pancreatic carcinogenesis, and the microbiome also influences microRNA behavior. This bidirectional relationship supports the idea of combined microbiome–noncoding RNA suppression strategies.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Why is PDAC associated with high mortality?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"High mortality is linked to late detection due to insufficient and specific biomarkers and resistance to treatment. Many patients are not suitable for surgery and instead receive chemotherapy and palliative therapy.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What molecular roles do non-coding RNAs play in PDAC progression?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Non-coding RNAs such as microRNA and long non-coding RNA modulate carcinogenesis by binding to genes and influencing one another. They regulate key processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and metastasis formation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},378189,1790464898,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},962085564807,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Review  \nMicrobiome and MicroRNA or Long Non-Coding RNA—Two Modern Approaches to Understanding Pancreatic  \nDuctal Adenocarcinoma  \nWiktoria Maria Izdebska 1, *, Jaroslaw Daniluk 1 and Jacek Niklinski 2  \nCitation: Izdebska, W.M.; Daniluk, J.; Niklinski, J. Microbiome and MicroRNA or Long Non-Coding RNA—Two Modern Approaches to Understanding Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 5643. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)jcm12175643  \nAcademic Editor: Stanley W. Ashley  \nReceived: 21 July 2023  \nRevised: 18 August 2023  \nAccepted: 19 August 2023  \nPublished: 30 August 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland  \n2 Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland  \n* Correspondence: [36370@student.umb.edu.pl](36370@student.umb.edu.pl)  \nAbstract: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of humans' most common and fatal neoplasms. Nowadays, a number of PDAC studies are being conducted in two different fields: non-coding RNA (especially microRNA and long non-coding RNA) and microbiota. It has been recently discovered that not only does miRNA affect particular bacteria in the gut microbiome that can promote carcinogenesis in the pancreas, but the microbiome also has a visible impact on the miRNA. This suggests that it is possible to use the combined impact of the microbiome and noncoding RNA to suppress the development of PDAC. Nevertheless, insufficient research has focused on bounding both approaches to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In this article, we summarize the recent literature on the molecular basis of carcinogenesis in the pancreas, the two-sided impact of particular types of non-coding RNA and the pancreatic cancer microbiome, and possible medical implications of the discovered phenomenon.  \nKeywords: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; microRNA; long non-coding RNA; microbiome  \n1. Introduction  \nPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most common and fatal neoplasms in humans [1] . It is estimated that PDAC will be the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States of America by 2030 [2] . The high mortality of PDAC is due to its late detection caused by a lack of sufficient and specific biomarkers and resistance to treatment [3] . The overall survival rate of PDAC is 9%[4,5] . The vast majority of patients are not suitable for surgical treatment and undergo chemotherapy and palliative therapy instead.  \nAccording to Wang et al., the human microbiota consists of microbes colonizing different sites of the human body as well as its ecosystem [6] . The term microbiome refers to the genetic information encoded by microbiota and its host. Microbiota consists of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. It has been discovered that the pancreas has its own microbiota, which is more abundant in a cancerous pancreas compared to a healthy pancreas [7,8] . The microbiota of a cancerous pancreas consists mostly of Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, and Firmicutes and is different from the one in a healthy pancreas [9] . Recent studies have shown that the microbiome of the pancreas and other organs contributes to shaping the course and progression of PDAC [1] . The pancreatic microbiome is partially predestined to treatment response and impacts the tumor environment [10] .  \nMicroRNA (miRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) are subtypes of non-coding RNA, which are functional RNA molecules without protein-coding abilities. mi","cbCain2aXlzqbmGV","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCain2aXlzqbmGV","pdf",953056,21,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Evolution of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma—What Occurs in Cells before Cancer?\n## Risk factors and genetic mutations\n## Cellular processes and pathways","[{\"question\":\"How do microRNA and the microbiome relate to PDAC development?\",\"answer\":\"MicroRNA can affect specific bacteria in the gut microbiome that promote pancreatic carcinogenesis, and the microbiome also influences microRNA behavior. This bidirectional relationship supports the idea of combined microbiome–noncoding RNA suppression strategies.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is PDAC associated with high mortality?\",\"answer\":\"High mortality is linked to late detection due to insufficient and specific biomarkers and resistance to treatment. Many patients are not suitable for surgery and instead receive chemotherapy and palliative therapy.\"},{\"question\":\"What molecular roles do non-coding RNAs play in PDAC progression?\",\"answer\":\"Non-coding RNAs such as microRNA and long non-coding RNA modulate carcinogenesis by binding to genes and influencing one another. They regulate key processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and metastasis formation.\"}]","Microbiome and MicroRNA or Long Non-Coding RNA - Two Modern Approaches to Understanding Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma - Abstract | PDF",1790228918,53]