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It synthesizes evidence that microbial alterations in tissue—including gut and breast—affect cancer risk, development, progression, and treatment outcomes. The review explains mechanisms such as modulation of systemic inflammation and estrogen levels, and it highlights the distinct microbial diversity within breast tissue as cancer-associated imbalance. By framing these findings in a One Health approach integrating human, animal, and environmental health, it discusses microbial targets and microbiome/metabolite manipulation for improved diagnostics and therapeutics, while emphasizing the need for rigorous clinical trials.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/microbial-therapy-and-breast-cancer-management-exploring-mechanisms-clinical-efficacy-and-integration-within-the-one-health-approach/338831/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/microbial-therapy-and-breast-cancer-management-exploring-mechanisms-clinical-efficacy-and-integration-within-the-one-health-approach/338831.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Logic","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How does the gut microbiome influence breast cancer risk and outcomes?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The review explains that gut microbes can modulate systemic inflammatory responses and estrogen levels, which can affect cancer initiation and therapeutic drug efficacy.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What evidence supports differences in microbiome composition between healthy and cancerous breast tissue?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It notes observed microbiome dissimilarities between healthy and cancerous breast tissues, including changes in total bacterial DNA and relationships with advanced cancer stages.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which microbial targets are discussed as potential therapeutic opportunities in breast cancer?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review highlights specific microbial diversity patterns in breast tumor tissue and points to candidate microbes as promising therapeutic targets, while stressing the importance of validated clinical trials.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},338831,1790120148,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},1099513958762,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1784791008015729253","Review  \nMicrobial Therapy and Breast Cancer Management: Exploring Mechanisms, Clinical Efficacy, and Integration within the One Health Approach  \nCharalampos Filippou , Sophia C. Themistocleous, Giorgos Marangos, Yiannis Panayiotou, Maria Fyrilla, Christina A. Kousparou, Zoi-Dorothea Pana, Constantinos Tsioutis , Elizabeth O. Johnson  and Andreas Yiallouris *  \nCitation: Filippou, C.;  \nThemistocleous, S.C.; Marangos, G.; Panayiotou, Y.; Fyrilla, M.; Kousparou, C.A.; Pana, Z.-D.; Tsioutis, C.; Johnson, E.O.; Yiallouris, A. Microbial Therapy and Breast Cancer Management: Exploring Mechanisms, Clinical Efficacy, and Integration within the One Health Approach. Int.  \nJ. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1110. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021110](doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021110)  \nAcademic Editors: Peter Hamar and Elena Bonanno  \nReceived: 9 November 2023  \nRevised: 11 January 2024  \nAccepted: 15 January 2024  \nPublished: 16 January 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nSchool of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 6 Diogenis Str., 2404 Engomi, P.O. Box 22006, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus  \n* Correspondence: [a.yiallouris@euc.ac.cy](a.yiallouris@euc.ac.cy)  \nAbstract: This comprehensive review elucidates the profound relationship between the human microbiome and breast cancer management. Recent findings highlight the significance of microbial alterations in tissue, such as the gut and the breast, and their role in influencing the breast cancer risk, development, progression, and treatment outcomes. We delve into how the gut microbiome can modulate systemic inflammatory responses and estrogen levels, thereby impacting cancer initiation and therapeutic drug efficacy. Furthermore, we explore the unique microbial diversity within breast tissue, indicating potential imbalances brought about by cancer and highlighting specific microbes as promising therapeutic targets. Emphasizing a holistic One Health approach, this review underscores the importance of integrating insights from human, animal, and environmental health to gain a deeper understanding of the complex microbe–cancer interplay. As the field advances, the strategic manipulation of the microbiome and its metabolites presents innovative prospects for the enhancement of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. However, rigorous clinical trials remain essential to confirm the potential of microbiota-based interventions in breast cancer management.  \nKeywords: microbiome; breast cancer; microbial diversity; microbiota-based cancer therapies; one health; microbiome immunomodulation  \n1. Introduction  \nThe early detection of cancer is associated with fewer adverse effects and an increase in the success rate of treatments. Cancer diagnostic methods range in accordance to the level of invasiveness and many still require invasive biopsies for verification. Therefore, research is focused on developing diagnostic methods that are less invasive yet retain high sensitivity (identifying actual cancer cases) and specificity (excluding non-cancerous cases) . The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is a tool utilized in assessing the specificity and sensitivity of novel diagnostic tests. Measuring the area under the ROC generates a score, where a score of 1.0 symbolizes the ideal classification with 100% specificity and sensitivity [1] .  \nRecent studies focus on employing samples such as saliva, stool, and plasma, where microbiome populations are documented as a non-invasive diagnostic approach, either directly or indirectly related to cancer. These procedures are less invasive than the current practices involving the collection of biopsies. Microorganisms pla","cbCaiiq9lVz7ON86","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiq9lVz7ON86","pdf",1139619,29,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Microbiome-based, less invasive cancer diagnostics\n## Microbial roles in cancer initiation and progression\n# Microbiome in breast tissue and tumor biology","[{\"question\":\"How does the gut microbiome influence breast cancer risk and outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"The review explains that gut microbes can modulate systemic inflammatory responses and estrogen levels, which can affect cancer initiation and therapeutic drug efficacy.\"},{\"question\":\"What evidence supports differences in microbiome composition between healthy and cancerous breast tissue?\",\"answer\":\"It notes observed microbiome dissimilarities between healthy and cancerous breast tissues, including changes in total bacterial DNA and relationships with advanced cancer stages.\"},{\"question\":\"Which microbial targets are discussed as potential therapeutic opportunities in breast cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights specific microbial diversity patterns in breast tumor tissue and points to candidate microbes as promising therapeutic targets, while stressing the importance of validated clinical trials.\"}]","Microbial Therapy and Breast Cancer Management: Exploring Mechanisms, Clinical Efficacy, and Integration within the One Health Approach | PDF",1790026030,73]