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Metronomic chemotherapy (MC) uses low-dose chemotherapeutic agents continuously over extended periods to modulate the tumour microenvironment through cytotoxic, antiangiogenic, and immunomodulatory effects. This review consolidates current knowledge on MC in small-animal oncology, detailing mechanisms of action, commonly used drugs, and clinical outcomes. Coverage emphasizes application in canine and feline cancers.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/metronomic-chemotherapy-bridging-theory-to-clinical-application-in-canine-and-feline-oncology-review/339566/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/metronomic-chemotherapy-bridging-theory-to-clinical-application-in-canine-and-feline-oncology-review/339566.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Maeve","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem with conventional chemotherapy does metronomic chemotherapy try to address?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Conventional chemotherapy often follows the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) approach, which limits dosing due to toxicity in healthy tissues. 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Front. Vet. Sci. 11:1397376 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1397376  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2024 Petrucci, Magalhães, Dias and Queiroga. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nMetronomic chemotherapy: bridging theory to clinical application in canine and feline oncology  \nGonçalo N. Petrucci 1, 2, 3, 4†, Tomás Rodrigues Magalhães3, 5, 6†, Márcia Dias 5 and Felisbina Luísa Queiroga3, 5, 6, 7*  \n1Onevet Hospital Veterinário do Porto, Porto, Portugal, 2Animal and Veterinary Department, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal, 3Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal, 4 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Vasco da Gama University School (EUVG), Coimbra, Portugal, 5 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal, 6Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal, 7Centre for the Study of Animal Science, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal  \nVeterinary oncology has experienced significant evolution over the last few decades, with chemotherapy being currently applied to several neoplasms with therapeutic success. Traditionally, chemotherapy protocols are based on classic cytostatic drugs under the concept of maximum tolerated dose (MTD), which has been associated with a greater risk of toxicity and resistance. Thus, new therapeutic alternatives have emerged, such as metronomic chemotherapy (MC), introducing a new paradigm in cancer treatment. MC consists of administering low doses of chemotherapy drugs continuously over a long period of time, modulating the tumour microenvironment (TME) due to the combination of cytotoxic, antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory effects. This multi-targeted therapy has been described as a treatment option in several canine and feline cancers since 2007, with positive results already published in the literature, particularly in mammary carcinomas and soft tissue sarcomas in dogs. The aim of this review article is to describe the current knowledge about the use of MC in small animal oncology, with emphasis on its mechanisms of action, the most commonly used drugs and clinical outcome.  \nKEYWORDS  \ncat, chemotherapy, cytotoxic drugs, dog, metronomic chemotherapy, review  \n1 Introduction  \nThe prevalence of neoplastic disease in companion animals has been increasing over the past few years. This phenomenon may be attributed, in part, to the enhanced longevity observed in pets, which makes them more susceptible to developing age-related diseases, like cancer ( 1, 2). Thus, effective treatment strategies are of paramount importance in veterinary oncology.  \nAnticancer drugs have been administered according to the “maximum-tolerated dose”(MTD) conc","cbCaiqY3e0GB29hs","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqY3e0GB29hs","pdf",1295232,17,"English","# Introduction\n# Metronomic chemotherapy: from definition to action-driven effects","[{\"question\":\"What problem with conventional chemotherapy does metronomic chemotherapy try to address?\",\"answer\":\"Conventional chemotherapy often follows the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) approach, which limits dosing due to toxicity in healthy tissues. MC aims to achieve tumour control with fewer adverse effects by using low doses over long periods.\"},{\"question\":\"How does metronomic chemotherapy work, beyond direct cytotoxicity?\",\"answer\":\"MC continuously administers low-dose drugs that modulate the tumour microenvironment. Its effects include cytotoxic, antiangiogenic, and immunomodulatory actions, including targeting tumour neovascularisation.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the scope and purpose of this review article?\",\"answer\":\"The review presents a comprehensive overview of the current state of metronomic chemotherapy in small-animal practice. It focuses on mechanisms of action, commonly used drugs, and clinical outcomes, highlighting its use in canine and feline oncology.\"}]","Metronomic chemotherapy: bridging theory to clinical application in canine and feline oncology - Review | PDF",1790031022,43]