[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-502330-105":59,"doc-detail-502330-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","methods-of-reducing-the-referral-of-frivolous-cases-to-the-ccma","Methods of reducing the referral of frivolous cases to the CCMA","","The Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) resolves labour disputes introduced in 1996, yet receives over 125,000 referrals annually. Excess frivolous referrals create administrative strain and raise the cost of doing business in South Africa. Propositions drawn from three international labour dispute resolution systems and literature-based recommendations were tested using the Delphi technique. Three rounds with domain experts identified interventions that prevent frivolous referrals while preserving and enhancing access and use rights.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/methods-of-reducing-the-referral-of-frivolous-cases-to-the-ccma/502330/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/methods-of-reducing-the-referral-of-frivolous-cases-to-the-ccma/502330.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Riley","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-10-03",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does the CCMA face a problem with frivolous referrals?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Too many cases without merit are referred, producing administrative difficulties and potentially increasing the cost of conducting business in South Africa.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were methods to reduce frivolous referrals evaluated?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study tested propositions based on international experience and literature recommendations using the Delphi technique with experts across three rounds.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What principle guides the recommended interventions?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Interventions should enhance access and use rights rather than narrow them, making system-enhancing measures preferable to exclusionary criteria.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},502330,1791095105,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1374391975076,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253ca4ec9f6853?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1783305029341752051","Methods of reducing the referral of frivolous cases to the CCMA  \n*  \nby Camilla Leeds and  \n**  \nAlbert Wöcke  \nAbstract  \nThe Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration is a statutory labour dispute resolution body that was introduced in 1996 . With over 125 000 referrals annually, experience has demonstrated that too many frivolous cases are referred, causing administrative problems and potentially increasing the cost of doing business in South Africa. Propositions, based on international experience from three other labour dispute resolution systems and recommendations in the literature, were tested with the aid of the Delphi technique. Three rounds were conducted with experts in the field. The findings show that there are a number of interventions which, if implemented, would prevent the referral of frivolous cases to the CCMA. In implementing the interventions, the underlying principle needs tobe that rights of access and use should be enhanced and not narrowed. Therefore, the interventions focusing on enhancing systems are deemed preferable to those that use exclusionary criteria.  \n1 Introduction  \nWhen the new South African government came into power in 1994, many of the employment disputes referred to the statutory conciliation bodies were unresolved (Bailey 1995; Christie 2001) . As a result of this poor record the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) was formed. The primary function of the CCMA is dispute resolution in terms of section 112 of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, and the focus is on the efficient resolution of labour disputes (Bailey 1995) . A founding tenet of the CCMA is that access should be easy and free and that justice isnot a function of either formal education or disposable income.  \nFrom inception until 31 January 2007 the CCMA has processed 1 069 400 labour disputes and it currently receives about 120 000 referrals a year with a settlement rate of about 78% . This has led to a far higher caseload than was ever envisaged (CCMA Fees and Costs Fact Sheet, 2007; Mdlalana 2007; Wilmot 2007), a caseload that is considered high for South Africa’s level of employment (Christie 2001) . This may be indicative that a high number of cases are being submitted without merit, where submissions are illogical or ill-informed. The excessive number of disputes referred to the CCMA is largely due to the ease of access to the CCMA and the high levels of unemployment in South Africa (Bendeman 2006; Mischke 2006) . In this economic  \n*  \nMs C Leeds is the Human Resources Manager at Philips South Africa, and was formerly the General Manager: Human Resources at the Wits Health Consortium.  \n**  \nDr A Wöcke is a member of the faculty of the Gordon Institute of Business Science of the University of Pretoria.  \nclimate the fairly rational response of an employee who has lost his/her job, whether fairly or unfairly, is to refer the matter to the CCMA in the hope and expectation of receiving some form of compensation (Venter 2006) . The referral of cases by illinformed or ill-intentioned individuals who see the CCMA as a vehicle for ill-gotten financial gain is at the expense of those with legitimate claims. When such cases are entertained or achieve a degree of success, there is a temptation for others to refer their cases, regardless of the merit of those cases, and thus a spirit of entitlement is created (Christie 2001) . In addition, unions are suspected of referring all cases regardless of the merit of the cases (Bendeman 2006) .  \nA further matter complicating the speedy resolution of legitimate cases in the CCMAis the evolution of its processes. Cheadle is quoted by Hazelhurst (2006) as criticising the CCMA for excessively elaborate procedures during disciplinary hearings, where commissioners begin to behave as if they were judges and want their awards printed in law reports. This, combined with an excessive administrative burden, inevitably leads toa reduction in the performa","cbCaikv4VLN4MTp8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikv4VLN4MTp8","pdf",83950,17,"English","# Introduction\n# Purpose of the study\n# Literature review\n## Methods of reducing frivolous referrals to the CCMA\n## Referral fees","[{\"question\":\"Why does the CCMA face a problem with frivolous referrals?\",\"answer\":\"Too many cases without merit are referred, producing administrative difficulties and potentially increasing the cost of conducting business in South Africa.\"},{\"question\":\"How were methods to reduce frivolous referrals evaluated?\",\"answer\":\"The study tested propositions based on international experience and literature recommendations using the Delphi technique with experts across three rounds.\"},{\"question\":\"What principle guides the recommended interventions?\",\"answer\":\"Interventions should enhance access and use rights rather than narrow them, making system-enhancing measures preferable to exclusionary criteria.\"}]","Methods of reducing the referral of frivolous cases to the CCMA | PDF",1791031596,43]