[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-383760-105":3,"doc-detail-383760-en":81,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":98},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","metformin-a-review-of-potential-mechanism-and-therapeutic-utility-beyond-diabetes","Metformin: A Review of Potential Mechanism and Therapeutic Utility Beyond Diabetes","","Metformin is a first-line therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus, acting primarily as an antihyperglycemic drug. Beyond glucose lowering, it shows pleiotropic effects across multiple systems and processes, including activation of AMPK and reduced hepatic glucose output. It also decreases advanced glycation end products and reactive oxygen species in endothelium, supporting cardiomyocyte glucose and lipid regulation to reduce cardiovascular risk. Evidence indicates anticancer and neuroprotective potential.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/metformin-a-review-of-potential-mechanism-and-therapeutic-utility-beyond-diabetes/383760/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/metformin-a-review-of-potential-mechanism-and-therapeutic-utility-beyond-diabetes/383760.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Jacob","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-25","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",7,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What is metformin’s primary role in type 2 diabetes management?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Metformin is an antihyperglycemic first-line agent used to manage type 2 diabetes, mainly by activating AMPK and reducing liver glucose output.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Which additional pleiotropic effects are discussed beyond glucose control?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The article describes effects including reduced advanced glycation end products and reactive oxygen species in the endothelium, regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in cardiomyocytes, and potential anticancer and antiproliferative actions.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What evidence of metformin’s benefits is mentioned outside diabetes?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Preclinical studies cited include neuroprotective evidence in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease, alongside therapeutic utility discussed for conditions such as prediabetes and obesity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},383760,1790499194,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",{"doc_id":79,"user_id":84,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":85,"doc_module":4,"category_id":55,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":86,"file_id":87,"file_url":88,"file_type":89,"file_size":90,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":91,"language":92,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":93,"faqs":94,"seo_title":95,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":96,"read_time":97},962084931830,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Drug Design, Development and Therapy Dovepress  \nopen access to scientific and medical research  \n Open Access Full Text Article REVIEW  \nMetformin: A Review of Potential Mechanism and Therapeutic Utility Beyond Diabetes  \nSiddhartha Dutta 1 , Rima B Shah 1 , Shubha Singhal 1 , Sudeshna Banerjee Dutta 2 , Sumit Bansal 3 , Susmita Sinha 4 , Mainul Haque 5  \n1Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, Gujarat, India; 2Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Shri Anand Institute of Nursing, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360005, India; 3Department of Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, Gujarat, India; 4Department of Physiology, Khulna City Medical College and Hospital, Khulna, Bangladesh; 5Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia  \nCorrespondence: Shubha Singhal, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Rajkot, Ayush Block, Khanderi, Para Pipaliya, Rajkot, Gujarat, India, Tel +91 9560372056, [Email Drshubhasinghal@gmail.com](Email Drshubhasinghal@gmail.com); Mainul Haque, Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health Sciences, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, National Defence University of Malaysia- Kem, Perdana, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia, Tel +60 109265543, Email [runurono@gmail.com](runurono@gmail.com)  \n\n| Abstract: Metformin has been designated as one of the most crucial first-line therapeutic agents in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Primarily being an antihyperglycemic agent, metformin also has a plethora of pleiotropic effects on various systems and processes. It acts majorly by activating AMPK (Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase) in the cells and reducing glucose output from the liver. It also decreases advanced glycation end products and reactive oxygen species production in the endothelium apart from regulating the glucose and lipid metabolism in the cardiomyocytes, hence minimizing the cardiovascular risks. Its anticancer, antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects on malignant cells might prove instrumental in the malignancy of organs like the breast, kidney, brain, ovary, lung, and endometrium. Preclinical studies have also shown some evidence of metformin’sneuroprotective role in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis and Huntington’s disease. Metformin exerts its pleiotropic effects through varied pathways of intracellular signalling and exact mechanism in the majority of them remains yet to be clearly defined. This article has extensively reviewed the therapeutic benefits of metformin and the details of its mechanism fora molecule of boon in various conditions like diabetes, prediabetes, obesity, polycystic ovarian disease, metabolic derangement in HIV, various cancers and aging.\u003Cbr>Keywords: metformin, diabetes, pleotropic effect, cancer, cardiovascular, neuroprotection, Prediabetes |\n| --- |\n| Introduction\u003Cbr>Metformin, as a drug, was suggested as an initial treatment for type 2 diabetes. Metformin has been used as a first-line therapy in diabetes but current guidelines suggest its use in people with a BMI between 25 and 59 kg/m2, higher fasting glucose (>110 mg/dL), higher A1C >6 .0%, and patients with a propensity to cause gestational diabetes.1 Currently, as per the evidence, an SGLT2 (“sodium-glucose cotransporter 2”) inhibitor and/or GLP-1(“glucagon-like peptide 1”) receptor agonist with proven CV (cardiovascular) benefit should be used in people with type 2 diabetes with established ASCVD (“atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease”) or indicators of high CV risk, established renal disease, or heart failure.1 Metformin traces its origins to the traditional medicinal plant Galega officinalis, which was used to treat diabetes symptoms in Europe in the 18th century. It was rich in guanidine; later, many mono-guan","cbCaihhjq3TJZjDY","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihhjq3TJZjDY","pdf",2817833,26,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What is metformin’s primary role in type 2 diabetes management?\",\"answer\":\"Metformin is an antihyperglycemic first-line agent used to manage type 2 diabetes, mainly by activating AMPK and reducing liver glucose output.\"},{\"question\":\"Which additional pleiotropic effects are discussed beyond glucose control?\",\"answer\":\"The article describes effects including reduced advanced glycation end products and reactive oxygen species in the endothelium, regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in cardiomyocytes, and potential anticancer and antiproliferative actions.\"},{\"question\":\"What evidence of metformin’s benefits is mentioned outside diabetes?\",\"answer\":\"Preclinical studies cited include neuroprotective evidence in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease, alongside therapeutic utility discussed for conditions such as prediabetes and obesity.\"}]","Metformin: A Review of Potential Mechanism and Therapeutic Utility Beyond Diabetes | PDF",1790259084,66,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":99},[100,104,108,112,117,122,125,130,135,138,142],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":113,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":114,"show_sort_weight":115,"slug":116},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":119,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":124},40,"healthcare",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":127,"show_sort_weight":128,"slug":129},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":134},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":137},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":139,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":140,"show_sort_weight":139,"slug":141},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":143,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":144,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":145},19,"General","general"]