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The detected virus sequences were related to Australian orthobunyaviruses previously found in mosquitoes. Testing for alternative infectious causes returned negative results, supporting Trubanaman virus as the fatal encephalitis etiology. The work also describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic testing timeline, and ethics approval supporting the analysis.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/metatranscriptomic-identification-of-trubanaman-virus-sequences-in-patient-with-encephalitis-australia/458880/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/metatranscriptomic-identification-of-trubanaman-virus-sequences-in-patient-with-encephalitis-australia/458880.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"SANS","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-07","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How was Trubanaman virus detected in the encephalitis case?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Trubanaman virus was identified using metatranscriptomics applied to cerebrospinal fluid, which enabled detection of nucleic acid sequences associated with the virus.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why did the authors conclude Trubanaman virus caused the fatal encephalitis?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Testing for other causes of infection yielded negative results, while the Trubanaman virus sequences were found in CSF, indicating it as the likely cause.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What diagnostic findings were reported alongside metatranscriptomic results?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The case included abnormal electroencephalography with diffuse cortical dysfunction and additional NAAT results (e.g., rhinovirus positive) plus negative culture and NAAT results for other pathogens.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},458880,1790754688,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":19,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":52,"preview_page_count":4},962090760505,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","RESEARCH LETTERS  \n7. Pan American Health Organization. Humanitarian sitrep Haiti, health cluster sitrep \\#9, April 6–12, 2025 (epi week 15)[cited 2025 Jul 23]. [https://www.paho.org/sites/default/](https://www.paho.org/sites/default/)[ ](https://www.paho.org/sites/default/)[files/2025-04/paho-sitrep-n9-haiti-humanitariansituation-](files/2025-04/paho-sitrep-n9-haiti-humanitariansituation-)[healthcluster-epiweek15-april-12-2025.pdf](healthcluster-epiweek15-april-12-2025.pdf)  \n8. Harold I, Morland S. Haitian gang slaughters at least 70 people as thousands flee. 2024 Oct 5 [cited 2025 Jul 24] . [https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/un-horrified](https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/un-horrified)least-70-killed-haiti-gang-massacre-2024-10-04  \nAddress for correspondence: Glenn Morris, Emerging Pathogens Institute, 2055 Mowry Rd, PO Box 100009, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; [e-mail: jgmorris@epi.ufl.edu](e-mail: jgmorris@epi.ufl.edu)  \nMetatranscriptomic Identification of Trubanaman Virus Sequences in Patient with Encephalitis, Australia  \nKrispin Hajkowicz, John Woodford, Elango Subramonia Pillai, Andrea Henden, Kym Lowry, Mary E. Petrone, Patrick N.A. Harris,  \nEdward C. Holmes  \nAuthor affiliations: Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (K. Hajkowicz, E.  \nSubramonia Pillai, A. Henden, P. N.A. Harris); University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane (K. Hajkowicz, K. Lowry, P. N.A. Harris); The School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia  \n(K. Hajkowicz, M. E. Petrone, E.C. Holmes); Ipswich Hospital, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia (J. Woodford); Queensland Institute of Medical Research-Berghofer, Brisbane (J. Woodford, A. Henden); Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Sakzewski Laboratory, Brisbane (K. Lowry); Pathology Queensland, Brisbane (P. N.A. Harris)  \nDOI: [https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3112.251190](https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3112.251190)  \nUsing metatranscriptomics, we identified Trubanaman virus in cerebrospinal fluid from a severely immunocompromised man who died of encephalitis in Queensland, Australia. Virus sequences were related to orthobunyaviruses previously detected in mosquitoes in Australia. Testing for other causes yielded negative results, suggesting that Trubanaman virus was the cause of this fatal encephalitis case.  \nApprremoaxiimnatelyundi50%agnosoefd  \nglobal encephalitis cases by conventional test-  \ning (1) . Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), particularly metatranscriptomics (i.e., total RNA sequencing), is an emerging approach to infection diagnosis that reveals all nucleic acid in a sample, making it ideal for detecting novel and emerging pathogens (2) .  \nOrthobunyavirus (order Bunyavirales) is a diverse genus of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses recognized to cause febrile illness and encephalitis in humans globally (3) . The best described orthobunyaviruses are La Crosse virus and Jamestown Canyon virus, both of which rarely cause encephalitis, permanent neurologic sequalae, or death (4,5) . Jamestown Canyon virus is associated with meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised persons (5), whereas the emerging Oropuche virus is associated with fever, headache, myalgias, and rare cases of meningoencephalitis and has recently expanded its range in Central and South America (6) . We used metatranscriptomics to investigate a case of encephalitis in an immunocompromised person in Australia.  \nThe study was approved by the Metro-North Health Human Research Ethics Committee and written informed consent was obtained from the patient and his next of kin. Metatranscriptomic sequencing and analysis methods are detailed (Appendix, [https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/31/12/25-](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/31/12/25-)[ ](https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/31/12/25-)[1190-App1.pdf](1190-App1.pdf)) .  \nA man in his 50s who lived in West Moreton, Queensland, Australia, was admitted for a volunteer un","cbCailYlD9Zet8Vb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailYlD9Zet8Vb","pdf",503249,"English","# Metatranscriptomic identification of Trubanaman virus sequences\n## Case presentation and clinical course\n## Diagnostic testing and results\n## Ethics approval and sequencing methods","[{\"question\":\"How was Trubanaman virus detected in the encephalitis case?\",\"answer\":\"Trubanaman virus was identified using metatranscriptomics applied to cerebrospinal fluid, which enabled detection of nucleic acid sequences associated with the virus.\"},{\"question\":\"Why did the authors conclude Trubanaman virus caused the fatal encephalitis?\",\"answer\":\"Testing for other causes of infection yielded negative results, while the Trubanaman virus sequences were found in CSF, indicating it as the likely cause.\"},{\"question\":\"What diagnostic findings were reported alongside metatranscriptomic results?\",\"answer\":\"The case included abnormal electroencephalography with diffuse cortical dysfunction and additional NAAT results (e.g., rhinovirus positive) plus negative culture and NAAT results for other pathogens.\"}]","Metatranscriptomic Identification of Trubanaman Virus Sequences in Patient with Encephalitis, Australia | PDF"]