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The study investigates whether urine metabolite patterns, alongside urine and blood metabolomes, can distinguish women with breast cancer from those with benign breast disease, symptomatic controls, and healthy individuals. Using direct infusion high-resolution mass spectrometry and multivariate statistics, urinary metabolites show differences tied to metabolic pathways and lactic acid levels.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/metabolic-fingerprinting-of-urine-reveals-metabolite-changes-in-women-with-breast-cancer/345561/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/metabolic-fingerprinting-of-urine-reveals-metabolite-changes-in-women-with-breast-cancer/345561.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Miles","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-23","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How were urine metabolites profiled in this study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Urine samples from breast cancer, benign breast disease, symptomatic control, and healthy control groups were analyzed using direct infusion high-resolution mass spectrometry (DI-MS). Multivariate analyses were performed with R-based MetaboAnalyst v6.0 and MixOmics.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which metabolites were reported as significantly different in breast cancer urine?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"ANOVA with false discovery rate correction identified urinary metabolites that differed in breast cancer versus other groups, including signals attributed to lactic acid/lactate, lactose 6-phosphate, D-ribose sugar, glutamic acid, histidine, L-valine, and urea.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What overall diagnostic or biological value do the findings suggest?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Urine metabolomics may improve understanding of breast cancer development and has potential diagnostic value, with results supporting further validation in larger patient cohorts. A proposed network model links altered amino acid and urea production with increased pentose-phosphate pathway and lactic acid levels.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},345561,1790150791,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},13056703019404,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Cancer Medicine  \n|  RESEARCH ARTICLE  OPEN ACCESS \u003Cbr>Metabolic Fingerprinting of Urine Reveals Metabolite Changes in Women With Breast Cancer\u003Cbr>Nur Aimi Aliah Zainurin1 | Anuradha U. K. H. Bambarandhage1 | Michelle Moreno Escalona1 | Dimitra Ivanova1 | Tim Gate2 | Helen Tench3 | Manfred Beckman1 | Helen Phillips1 | Mandana Pennick4 | Luis A. J. Mur1 \u003Cbr>1Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK | 2Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Wrexham, UK | 3Bronglais General Hospital, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Aberystwyth, UK | 4Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Bodelwyddan, UK\u003Cbr>Correspondence: Luis A. J. Mur ([lum@aber.ac.uk](lum@aber.ac.uk))\u003Cbr>Received: 8 November 2025 | Revised: 15 May 2026 | Accepted: 27 May 2026\u003Cbr>Keywords: benign breast disease | breast cancer | plasma | serum | symptom controls | urine |\n| --- |\n| ABSTRACT\u003Cbr>Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common and serious cancers affecting women worldwide. Mammography facilitates early detection, but improving diagnostic accuracy remains essential to further reduce mortality. This study explores metabolite patterns in urine and blood to see how they differ between women with BC, those with other breast conditions, and healthy individuals.\u003Cbr>Methods: Metabolite profiling used direct infusion high-resolution mass spectrometry (DI-MS) on urine samples from breast cancer (BC; n = 118), benign breast disease (BBD; n = 148), symptomatic control (SC; n = 95), and healthy control (HC; n = 39) groups. Multivariate statistical analyses were performed using the R-based MetaboAnalyst v6.0 platform and the MixOmics package to compare urine with plasma and serum metabolomes.\u003Cbr>Results: Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) suggested poor discrimination between (1) groups (BC vs. HC, BC vs. BBD and BC vs. SC) . However, ANOVA (corrected for false discovery rate) targeted urinary metabolites that significantly (p \u003C 0.05) differed in BC compared to other groups which included m/z suggested to be lactic acid/lactate, lactose 6-phosphate, D-ribose sugar, glutamic acid, histidine, L-valine and urea. PLS-DA suggested some discrimination with BC histological types (invasive vs. pre-invasive) and BC molecular subtypes (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched and triple-negative) . Comparisons between urine, serum and plasma metabolomes using Data Integration Analysis for Biomarker Discovery using Latent Components (DIABLO) suggested only moderate correlation. Based on our observations, a network model is proposed linking down-regulated glutamate/glutamine, histidine, and urea production and increased pentose-phosphate pathway and lactic acid levels in the BC urine metabolome. |\n|  |\n| Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; AU, Aberystwyth University; AUC, area under the curve; BBD, Benign breast disease; BC, breast cancer; BCAA, branched-chain amino acids; BMI, body mass index; CPMS, Central Portfolio Management System; DAM, differentially accumulating metabolites; DCIS, ductal carcinoma in situ; DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate; DIABLO, Data Integration Analysis for Biomarker Discovery using Latent Components; DI-MS, direct infusion-mass spectrometry; ER, oestrogen receptor positive; FDR, false discovery rate; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; GC–qMS, gas chromatography–quadrupole mass spectrometry; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; HC, healthy control; HCRW, Health and Care Research; HPPI-TOFMS, high-pressure photon ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry; HR, Health Research Authority; IBERS, Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences; IDC, invasive ductal carcinoma; ILC, invasive lobular carcinoma; IMC, invasive mucinous carcinoma; IPC, invasive papillary carcinoma; IRAS, Integrated Research Application System; ITC, invasive tubular carcinoma; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes; m/z, mass/ion; MSEA, metabolite set enrichment analysis; M","cbCaimx0mowuOOzc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimx0mowuOOzc","pdf",3050405,17,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Introduction\n## Epidemiology and screening","[{\"question\":\"How were urine metabolites profiled in this study?\",\"answer\":\"Urine samples from breast cancer, benign breast disease, symptomatic control, and healthy control groups were analyzed using direct infusion high-resolution mass spectrometry (DI-MS). Multivariate analyses were performed with R-based MetaboAnalyst v6.0 and MixOmics.\"},{\"question\":\"Which metabolites were reported as significantly different in breast cancer urine?\",\"answer\":\"ANOVA with false discovery rate correction identified urinary metabolites that differed in breast cancer versus other groups, including signals attributed to lactic acid/lactate, lactose 6-phosphate, D-ribose sugar, glutamic acid, histidine, L-valine, and urea.\"},{\"question\":\"What overall diagnostic or biological value do the findings suggest?\",\"answer\":\"Urine metabolomics may improve understanding of breast cancer development and has potential diagnostic value, with results supporting further validation in larger patient cohorts. A proposed network model links altered amino acid and urea production with increased pentose-phosphate pathway and lactic acid levels.\"}]","Metabolic Fingerprinting of Urine Reveals Metabolite Changes in Women With Breast Cancer | PDF",1790058094,43]