[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-336359-105":3,"doc-detail-336359-en":81,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":99},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","melanoma-management-exploring-staging-prognosis-and-treatment-innovations-review","Melanoma Management - Exploring Staging, Prognosis, and Treatment Innovations - Review","","Cutaneous melanoma, a malignant tumor arising from melanocytes, ranks among the most prevalent cancers worldwide and is notable for aggressive behavior and frequent metastasis. Recent therapeutic progress reflects improved insight into tumor pathogenesis, driving a transition toward targeted therapies alongside immunotherapy. Evidence supports potential outcome improvements across neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and metastatic settings. The review also emphasizes advances in brain metastasis treatment, previously linked to poor prognosis.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/melanoma-management-exploring-staging-prognosis-and-treatment-innovations-review/336359/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/melanoma-management-exploring-staging-prognosis-and-treatment-innovations-review/336359.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Hazel","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What is the clinical significance of melanoma and why is it challenging?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Melanoma is aggressive and prone to metastasis, creating major challenges in oncology. Its progression to advanced stages contributes to high mortality despite being a subset of skin cancers.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How have treatment options for advanced melanoma changed in recent years?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Treatment has shifted with the development of immunotherapy and targeted therapies. Since early FDA approvals of immune checkpoint inhibitors, overall survival has improved across multiple disease stages.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Why are BRAF mutations important in melanoma management?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"BRAF mutations activate signaling pathways that drive tumor growth, making them a key biomarker. The review highlights that BRAF mutation testing supports targeted strategies, and combining BRAF with MEK inhibitors improves efficacy.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},336359,1790145751,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",{"doc_id":79,"user_id":84,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":85,"doc_module":4,"category_id":86,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":87,"file_id":88,"file_url":89,"file_type":90,"file_size":91,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":92,"language":93,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":94,"faqs":95,"seo_title":96,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":97,"read_time":98},137441390410,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000252f4ab5702993?_k=1776741390130283984",7,"Review  \nMelanoma Management: Exploring Staging, Prognosis, and Treatment Innovations  \nWalid Shalata 1,2, *,†, Zoe Gabrielle Attal 3,†, Adam Solomon 3, Sondos Shalata 4, Omar Abu Saleh 5, Lena Tourkey 1,2, Fahed Abu Salamah 2,6, Ibrahim Alatawneh 2,6 and Alexander Yakobson 1,2  \nCitation: Shalata, W.; Attal, Z.G.; Solomon, A.; Shalata, S.; Abu Saleh, O.; Tourkey, L.; Abu Salamah, F.; Alatawneh, I.; Yakobson, A. Melanoma Management: Exploring Staging, Prognosis, and Treatment Innovations. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 5794. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)ijms25115794  \nAcademic Editor: Terrence Piva  \nReceived: 27 April 2024  \nRevised: 22 May 2024  \nAccepted: 24 May 2024  \nPublished: 26 May 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 The Legacy Heritage Cancer Center and Larry Norton Institute, Soroka Medical Center, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel  \n2 Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel  \n3 Medical School for International Health, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel  \n4 Nutrition Unit, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 22000, Israel  \n5 Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Emek Medical Centre, Afula 18341, Israel  \n6 Department of Dermatology, Soroka Medical Center, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel  \n* [Correspondence: walid.shalata@gmail.com](Correspondence: walid.shalata@gmail.com)  \n† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nAbstract: Melanoma, a malignant neoplasm originating from melanocytes, stands as one of the most prevalent cancers globally, ranking fifth in terms of estimated new cases in recent years. Its aggressive nature and propensity for metastasis pose significant challenges in oncology. Recent advancements have led to a notable shift towards targeted therapies, driven by a deeper understanding of cutaneous tumor pathogenesis. Immunotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors have emerged as promising strategies, demonstrating the potential to improve clinical outcomes across all disease stages, including neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and metastatic settings. Notably, there has been a groundbreaking development in the treatment of brain metastasis, historically associated with poor prognosis in oncology but showcasing impressive results in melanoma patients. This review article provides a comprehensive synthesis of the most recent knowledge on staging and prognostic factors while highlighting emerging therapeutic modalities, with a particular focus on neoadjuvant and adjuvant strategies, notably immunotherapy and targeted therapies, including the ongoing trials.  \nKeywords: melanoma; metastatic; immunotherapy; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; BRAF; skin cancer; brain metastasis  \n1. Introduction  \nCutaneous melanoma originates from melanocytes in the skin. It is commonly associated with ultraviolet radiation exposure from natural sunlight and indoor tanning, although there exist subtypes of predisposing factors unrelated to exposure, such as family history, and number of nevi, older age, and male sex. Primary melanomas typically exhibit dark pigmentation, although some can be amelanotic or hypomelanotic. While clinical assessment raises suspicion of melanoma, a histopathological assessment is necessary to confirm diagnosis [1–4] .  \nMalignant melanoma, one of the most prevalent cancers globally, ranked 20% in terms of estimated new cases according to Cancer Statistics Cases (21.2 new cases per 100,000 men and women each year) [4–6] . While comprising only 4–7% of skin cancers, melanoma is responsible for the majority of skin cancer fatalities [4] . Specifically, melanoma of the ski","cbCaimcBjNRn4mAp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimcBjNRn4mAp","pdf",369867,23,"English","# Introduction\n## Staging and diagnostic considerations\n## Treatment evolution across disease stages\n# BRAF mutations and implications for targeted therapy\n## BRAF testing and mutation heterogeneity\n## BRAF/MEK combination approaches","[{\"question\":\"What is the clinical significance of melanoma and why is it challenging?\",\"answer\":\"Melanoma is aggressive and prone to metastasis, creating major challenges in oncology. Its progression to advanced stages contributes to high mortality despite being a subset of skin cancers.\"},{\"question\":\"How have treatment options for advanced melanoma changed in recent years?\",\"answer\":\"Treatment has shifted with the development of immunotherapy and targeted therapies. Since early FDA approvals of immune checkpoint inhibitors, overall survival has improved across multiple disease stages.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are BRAF mutations important in melanoma management?\",\"answer\":\"BRAF mutations activate signaling pathways that drive tumor growth, making them a key biomarker. The review highlights that BRAF mutation testing supports targeted strategies, and combining BRAF with MEK inhibitors improves efficacy.\"}]","Melanoma Management - Exploring Staging, Prognosis, and Treatment Innovations - Review | PDF",1790014696,58,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":100},[101,105,109,113,118,123,126,131,136,139,143],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":114,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":115,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":86,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":125},40,"healthcare",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":129,"slug":130},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":134,"slug":135},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":134,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":134,"slug":138},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":140,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":141,"show_sort_weight":140,"slug":142},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":144,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":145,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":146},19,"General","general"]