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Standard care combines surgical resection with concurrent chemoradiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy, and emerging options include immunotherapy, targeted agents, and tumor-treating fields, supported by ongoing clinical trials to improve outcomes.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/mechanisms-of-resistance-and-current-treatment-options-for-glioblastoma-multiforme-gbm/383471/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/mechanisms-of-resistance-and-current-treatment-options-for-glioblastoma-multiforme-gbm/383471.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Hazel","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) difficult to treat?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"GBM is difficult to treat because it resists both radiation and chemotherapy. 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Torchilin 1,7, *  \nCitation: Yalamarty, S.S.K.; Filipczak, N.; Li, X.; Subhan, M.A.; Parveen, F.; Ataide, J.A.; Rajmalani, B.A.; Torchilin, V.P. Mechanisms of Resistance and Current Treatment Options for Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) . Cancers 2023, 15, 2116 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)cancers15072116  \nReceived: 7 February 2023  \nRevised: 25 March 2023  \nAccepted: 30 March 2023  \nPublished: 1 April 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine (CPBN), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA  \n2 State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China  \n3 Department of Chemistry, ShahJalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh  \n4 Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan  \n5 Department of Pharmacy Services, DHQ Hospital, Jhang 35200, Pakistan  \n6 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-871, Brazil  \n7 Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA  \n* [Correspondence: v.torchilin@northeastern.edu](Correspondence: v.torchilin@northeastern.edu)  \nSimple Summary: Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the hardest-to-treat brain tumors, often resistant to conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Despite advances in cancer research and treatment, the survival rate for glioblastoma patients remains low, with most patients only surviving for a few months to a year after diagnosis. This is due in part to the nature of glioblastoma tumors, which contain cells that are highly resistant to traditional cancer treatments. These cancer cells can evade the effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, making it difficult to achieve lasting remissions or cures. This work aims to summarize recent findings about this tumor and the progress in developing new treatment options. The highest focus of this paper is on the mechanisms of glioblastoma multiforme resistance and the possibility to reverse it using nanocarriers.  \nAbstract: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive form of brain cancer that is difficult to treat due to its resistance to both radiation and chemotherapy. This resistance is largely due to the unique biology of GBM cells, which can evade the effects of conventional treatments through mechanisms such as increased resistance to cell death and rapid regeneration of cancerous cells. Additionally, the blood–brain barrier makes it difficult for chemotherapy drugs to reach GBM cells, leading to reduced effectiveness. Despite these challenges, there are several treatment options available for GBM. The standard of care for newly diagnosed GBM patients involves surgical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Emerging treatments include immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors, and targeted therapies, such as bevacizumab, that attempt to attack specific vulnerabilities in GBM cells. Another promising approach is the use of tumor-treating fields, a type of electric field therapy that has been shown to slow the growth of GBM cells. Clinical trials are ","cbCaihxNsoPxNBKs","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihxNsoPxNBKs","pdf",1794585,37,"English","# Simple Summary\n# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Why is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) difficult to treat?\",\"answer\":\"GBM is difficult to treat because it resists both radiation and chemotherapy. Its cells can evade conventional therapies through mechanisms that increase resistance to cell death and enable rapid regeneration, and the blood–brain barrier limits drug access.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the standard of care for newly diagnosed GBM?\",\"answer\":\"Newly diagnosed GBM patients typically undergo surgical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy and then adjuvant chemotherapy.\"},{\"question\":\"What emerging treatment approaches are discussed for GBM?\",\"answer\":\"The paper discusses emerging therapies such as immunotherapy (e.g., checkpoint inhibitors), targeted therapies (e.g., bevacizumab), and tumor-treating fields, an electric-field approach shown to slow GBM growth. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate safety and efficacy.\"}]","Mechanisms of Resistance and Current Treatment Options for Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) | PDF",1790257192,93]