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It summarizes clinical research on thymosin peptide agents and basic studies explaining how thymosin may act in antitumor immunity, including major thymosin preparations such as thymosin alpha-1, thymalfasin, and thymopentin. The review contextualizes current lung cancer challenges, including limited outcomes in advanced disease, drug resistance, and unmet needs for safer, more effective auxiliary treatments.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/mechanism-and-clinical-application-of-thymosin-in-the-treatment-of-lung-cancer/382794/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/mechanism-and-clinical-application-of-thymosin-in-the-treatment-of-lung-cancer/382794.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Nguyễn Văn Học","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is new treatment needed for lung cancer, especially advanced disease?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Lung cancer has high incidence and mortality, and advanced cases still have poor prognosis with issues such as drug resistance and limitations of current therapies.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is thymosin and which thymosin-related drugs are discussed?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Thymosin is a class of thymus-derived physiologically active polypeptides. Common clinical thymosin drugs highlighted include thymosin alpha-1 (Ta1), thymalfasin (Ta1), and thymopentin, along with related thymosin preparations.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the review structure its coverage of thymosin in lung cancer?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It systematically summarizes and analyzes both clinical research on thymosin peptide drugs in lung cancer and basic research on thymosin mechanisms supporting antitumor activity, and it outlines future research directions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},382794,1790772156,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":41},1374402739827,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000c97e7351f1a627?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1787885694763230660","TYPE Review  \nPUBLISHED 28 August 2023  \nDOI 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1237978  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nAditya Kulkarni,  \nAvammune Therapeutics, Inc, United States  \nREVIEWED BY Yihang Qi,  \nChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China Claudio Costantini,  \nUniversity of Perugia, Italy  \n*CORRESPONDENCE Jibin Lu  \n [lujb@sj-hospital.org](lujb@sj-hospital.org)  \nRECEIVED 12 June 2023  \nACCEPTED 16 August 2023  \nPUBLISHED 28 August 2023  \nCITATION  \nLiu Y and Lu J (2023) Mechanism and clinical application of thymosin in the treatment of lung cancer.  \nFront. Immunol. 14:1237978 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1237978  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2023 Liu and Lu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the  \nCreative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nMechanism and clinical application of thymosin in the treatment of lung cancer  \nYafeng Liu and Jibin Lu*  \nDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China  \nCancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The burden of cancer on public health is becoming more widely acknowledged. Lung cancer has one of the highest incidence and mortality rates of all cancers. The prevalence of early screening, the emergence of targeted therapy, and the development of immunotherapy have all significantly improved the overall prognosis of lung cancer patients. The current state of affairs, however, is not encouraging, and there are issues like poor treatment outcomes for some patients and extremely poor prognoses for those with advanced lung cancer. Because of their potent immunomodulatory capabilities, thymosin drugs are frequently used in the treatment of tumors. The effectiveness of thymosin drugs in the treatment of lung cancer has been demonstrated in numerous studies, which amply demonstrates the potential and future of thymosin drugs for the treatment of lung cancer. The clinical research on thymosin peptide drugs in lung cancer and the basic research on the mechanism of thymosin drugs in anti-lung cancer are both systematically summarized and analyzed in this paper, along with future research directions.  \nKEYWORDS  \nthymosin, lung cancer, therapy, thymosin alpha 1, thymalfasin, thymopentin, immunotherapy  \n1 Introduction  \nCancer is one of the main causes of death on a global scale (1) . Cancer has been acknowledged to be an increasing public health burden (2). Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, and it has a relatively high incidence (3) . With the popularity of low-dose computed tomography as an early screening test, more and more early lung cancers, particularly early lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), are being detected (4, 5) . LC includes non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and NSCLC contains numerous pathological types such as lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and lung adenocarcinoma, of which LUAD is the most prevalent pathological typeof LC (6). After surgical resection, early-stage LC, especially LUAD including ground-glass opacity components, has a very favorable long-term survival outcome (7, 8) . In recent years, the emergence and development of targeted therapy and immunotherapy as well asthe application of these methods to neoadjuvant therapy, have also greatly improved the  \nFrontiers in Immunology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \nprognosis of LC patients (9–12) . Even though the survival rate of lung cancer patients has gradually increased, the survival of patients with advanced lung cancer is not encouraging, and the 5-year survival rate of patients with advanced LC is even lower than 20","cbCaisK7OePNfxdp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisK7OePNfxdp","pdf",3004725,12,"English","# Introduction\n## Lung cancer burden and current treatment landscape\n## Role of thymus and thymosin peptides\n## Overview of commonly used thymosin drugs\n## Paper scope and future research directions","[{\"question\":\"Why is new treatment needed for lung cancer, especially advanced disease?\",\"answer\":\"Lung cancer has high incidence and mortality, and advanced cases still have poor prognosis with issues such as drug resistance and limitations of current therapies.\"},{\"question\":\"What is thymosin and which thymosin-related drugs are discussed?\",\"answer\":\"Thymosin is a class of thymus-derived physiologically active polypeptides. Common clinical thymosin drugs highlighted include thymosin alpha-1 (Ta1), thymalfasin (Ta1), and thymopentin, along with related thymosin preparations.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the review structure its coverage of thymosin in lung cancer?\",\"answer\":\"It systematically summarizes and analyzes both clinical research on thymosin peptide drugs in lung cancer and basic research on thymosin mechanisms supporting antitumor activity, and it outlines future research directions.\"}]","Mechanism and clinical application of thymosin in the treatment of lung cancer | PDF",1790252452]