[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-328330-105":59,"doc-detail-328330-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","mechanical-evolution-of-metastatic-cancer-cells-in-three-dimensional-microenvironment","Mechanical evolution of metastatic cancer cells in three-dimensional microenvironment","","Cellular biomechanics plays a critical role in cancer metastasis and tumor progression, yet most biomechanics studies rely on flat 2D cultures where cell behavior can differ substantially from 3D physiological conditions. Despite progress in 3D in vitro models, measuring cellular elasticity in 3D remains challenging for existing technologies. This work uses optical Brillouin microscopy to longitudinally acquire mechanical images of growing cancerous spheroids over eight days, extracting spatially and temporally evolving mechanical features. An established machine learning approach boosts cancer-cell classification accuracy from 74% to 95%. A deep learning pipeline further differentiates cancerous from normal spheroids using only Brillouin images, indicating mechanical features as a potential biomarker for cancer detection and classification.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/mechanical-evolution-of-metastatic-cancer-cells-in-three-dimensional-microenvironment/328330/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/mechanical-evolution-of-metastatic-cancer-cells-in-three-dimensional-microenvironment/328330.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aria","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-26","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are 3D microenvironments important for studying cancer cell biomechanics?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Most biomechanics studies use flat 2D cultures that may produce different cell behavior than in 3D physiological environments. Investigating cells in 3D microenvironments is therefore essential for physiological relevance.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What method does the study use to measure mechanical properties in 3D spheroids?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study uses optical Brillouin microscopy to longitudinally acquire mechanical images of growing cancerous spheroids over eight days, enabling spatially resolved mechanical mapping.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does adding Brillouin-derived mechanical features affect cancer-cell classification accuracy?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Using an established machine learning algorithm, incorporating the extracted mechanical features improves classification accuracy from 74% to 95%.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},328330,1790792188,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},2336464648322,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2200025388227c56fec?_k=1778556882303663488","bioRxiv preprint doi: [https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.27.601015](https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.27.601015); this version posted July 2, 2024. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is  \nmade available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.  \nMechanical evolution of metastatic cancer cells in three-dimensional microenvironment  \nKarlin Hilai1, Daniil Grubich1, Marcus Akrawi1, Hui Zhu3, Razanne Zaghloul1, Chenjun Shi1, Man Do1, Dongxiao Zhu3, Jitao Zhang1,*  \n1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA  \n2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA  \n3 Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA  \n* Corresponding author: [zhang4@wayne.edu](zhang4@wayne.edu)  \nKeywords: breast cancer, metastasis, cellular spheroid, 3D microenvironment, biomechanics, Brillouin microscopy.  \nAbstract: Cellular biomechanics plays critical roles in cancer metastasis and tumor progression. Existing studies on cancer cell biomechanics are mostly conducted in flat 2D conditions, where cells’ behavior can differ considerably from those in 3D physiological environments. Despite great advances in developing 3D in vitro models, probing cellular elasticity in 3D conditions remains a major challenge for existing technologies. In this work, we utilize optical Brillouin microscopy to longitudinally acquire mechanical images of growing cancerous spheroids over the period of eight days. The dense mechanical mapping from Brillouin microscopy enables us to extract spatially resolved and temporally evolving mechanical features that were previously inaccessible. Using an established machine learning algorithm, we demonstrate that incorporating these extracted mechanical features significantly improves the classification accuracy of cancer cells, from 74% to 95%. Building on this finding, we have developed a deep learning pipeline capable of accurately differentiating cancerous spheroids from normal ones solely using Brillouin images, suggesting the mechanical features of cancer cells could potentially serve as a new biomarker in cancer classification and detection.  \n1. Introduction  \nBiomechanical abnormalities in cells have been observed across various types of cancers during tumor development. [1-3] Notably, profound studies have suggested that metastatic cancer cells are usually softer than normal cells. [4-8] A reasonable explanation for this softening stems from the physical aspects of the metastatic process. [9, 10] During metastasis, cancer cells have to  \nbioRxiv preprint doi: [https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.27.601015](https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.27.601015); this version posted July 2, 2024. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is  \nmade available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.  \nmigrate through highly confined regions such as dense extracellular matrices, surrounding tumor tissue, and the basement membrane of blood vessels; therefore, a deformable cell body facilitates the success rate of this process. [11, 12] Despite the substantial progress in understanding the biomechanical regulation of cancer cells, a major limitation of existing studies is that the experiments were mostly conducted with cells grown on flat 2D environments or within rigid microfluidic devices, which intrinsically differ from 3D physiological environments thus could alter cancer cells’ behavior considerably. [13-16] Therefore, to enhance the physiological relevance of the observations, it is essential to investigate the biomechanical phenotype of cancer cells within 3D microenvironments. Great advances have been made in developing physiologically relevant 3D in vi","cbCaijJC36ZKjR86","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijJC36ZKjR86","pdf",1098399,"English","# Introduction\n## Background: softening of metastatic cells\n## Limitations of existing 2D and rigid microfluidic studies\n## Challenges for probing mechanics in 3D\n## Overview of testing technologies and non-contact methods\n## Principle and capabilities of optical Brillouin microscopy","[{\"question\":\"Why are 3D microenvironments important for studying cancer cell biomechanics?\",\"answer\":\"Most biomechanics studies use flat 2D cultures that may produce different cell behavior than in 3D physiological environments. Investigating cells in 3D microenvironments is therefore essential for physiological relevance.\"},{\"question\":\"What method does the study use to measure mechanical properties in 3D spheroids?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses optical Brillouin microscopy to longitudinally acquire mechanical images of growing cancerous spheroids over eight days, enabling spatially resolved mechanical mapping.\"},{\"question\":\"How does adding Brillouin-derived mechanical features affect cancer-cell classification accuracy?\",\"answer\":\"Using an established machine learning algorithm, incorporating the extracted mechanical features improves classification accuracy from 74% to 95%.\"}]","Mechanical evolution of metastatic cancer cells in three-dimensional microenvironment | PDF",1789979354,48]